{ "name": "World Robotaxi Map", "description": "Every city outside the United States with robotaxi service, testing or an announced launch, by operator, with a status label, launch date, officially stated fleet size, the riding app and one dated source per row. US cities are in the US Robotaxi Map (https://dockduty.com/robotaxi-map.html).", "source": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html", "usDataset": "https://dockduty.com/robotaxi-map.json", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "licenseName": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "DockDuty", "publisher": "DockDuty, the brand operated by DOCK DUTY LLC, a Florida limited liability company (Fla. Doc. No. L26000247958).", "disclaimer": "DockDuty is an independent company, not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or partnered with Tesla, Inc., Waymo LLC, Baidu, Inc., Pony AI Inc., WeRide Inc., Uber Technologies, Inc., or any other operator, partner or government named in this dataset. Company names and marks are used for descriptive reference only. Compiled from public sources; each row cites its own.", "dockDutyDisclosure": "DockDuty is a US company and operates no robotaxi service and no depot in any country on this map. No DockDuty depot is open anywhere yet: Orlando, Florida is our lead market, with its depot targeted for Q4 2026.", "updated": "2026-10-28", "rowCount": 74, "cityCount": 43, "countryCount": 18, "statuses": [ { "id": "driverless", "label": "Public driverless rides", "definition": "Members of the public can book rides with nobody in the driver seat, in at least part of the zone or part of the fleet. The notes say which part.", "rows": 20, "cities": 10 }, { "id": "supervised", "label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "definition": "Members of the public can book rides, but a safety driver or safety operator rides onboard.", "rows": 11, "cities": 8 }, { "id": "employee", "label": "Employee or invited riders only", "definition": "Rides are limited to the operator’s staff or a closed, invited group. Not open to the public.", "rows": 3, "cities": 3 }, { "id": "testing", "label": "Testing, no public rides", "definition": "The operator’s vehicles drive autonomously on public roads in the city, with or without a safety driver, and no public riders. Manual driving and mapping count as announced.", "rows": 27, "cities": 16 }, { "id": "announced", "label": "Announced", "definition": "An operator, partner or government has announced service in the city, and on the evidence we could find its vehicles are not yet driving autonomously there (manual or mapping drives only, or nothing yet).", "rows": 13, "cities": 6 } ], "fieldNotes": { "status": "The highest phase the cited source supports for that city and operator. Testing is never counted as service.", "since": "When the row reached its current status, as precise as the source allows (YYYY, YYYY-MM or YYYY-MM-DD); blank when no source states it.", "fleet": "Only a vehicle count the operator or a regulator stated for that city, with its date. Otherwise \"not stated\". Never estimated.", "evidence": "Whether the cited page was opened and read on the verification date, or only seen in a search listing.", "metro": "The counting unit: a metro with several zones or operators counts once. `city` may add the zone.", "latitude": "City-centre coordinates for plotting, not a service-zone boundary." }, "changelog": [ { "date": "2026-10-28", "text": "First edition. Every non-US city we could source as of October 28, 2026, one row per city and operator, each with a dated source and a status label that never rounds testing up to service." } ], "rows": [ { "id": "cn-beijing-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Beijing", "city": "Beijing", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2023-03", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Apollo Go app", "latitude": 39.9, "longitude": 116.41, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1329099/000119312525285391/d52736dex991.htm", "source_title": "Baidu Announces Third Quarter 2025 Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-18", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Baidu states it has achieved 100% fully driverless operations in all Chinese mainland cities where it operates, naming Beijing. Fully driverless public rides began in the Yizhuang (Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area) zone after March 2023 permits (press reports); the filing does not name the zone. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-beijing-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-beijing-didi", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Beijing", "city": "Beijing", "operator": "Didi Autonomous Driving", "partner": "GAC Aion", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2026-08", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Didi", "latitude": 39.9, "longitude": 116.41, "source_url": "https://finance.sina.cn/tech/2026-08-31/detail-iniqexup7819256.d.html", "source_title": "滴滴自动驾驶新一代Robotaxi R2开启无人载客测试服务 (via IT之家)", "source_publisher": "Sina Finance / IT Home", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Didi's R2 robotaxi began a 'driverless passenger testing service' in demonstration areas of Beijing and Guangzhou; users in those areas can summon a ride. Zone, fares and fleet are not stated, and it is labelled a test service.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-beijing-didi", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-beijing-pony-ai", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Beijing", "city": "Beijing", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "ATBB", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2023-03", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "PonyPilot+", "latitude": 39.9, "longitude": 116.41, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465925115594/tm2532036d1_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "PONY AI Inc. Realized Gen-7 Robotaxi city-wide UE Breakeven (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-25", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Pony.ai received a fully driverless permit for Beijing’s Yizhuang zone on 2023-03-17 (seen in a search listing). Its Gen-7 fully driverless commercial operations began in Beijing in November 2025 (the cited filing); the current zone is not named in that filing.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-beijing-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-beijing-weride", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Beijing", "city": "Beijing", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "WeRide Go", "latitude": 39.9, "longitude": 116.41, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001867729/000110465926094571/tm2622690d2_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "WeRide Announces Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "WeRide Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-12", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "WeRide calls Beijing and Guangzhou its core hubs where it has 'continuously expanded the service area of our fully driverless robotaxi services.' The Beijing zone and start date are not given in the release.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-beijing-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-changsha-pony-ai", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Changsha", "city": "Changsha", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-03", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 28.23, "longitude": 112.94, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465926034888/tm269906d1_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "PONY AI Inc. Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2025 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2026-03-26", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Pony says it was 'advancing our presence in ... Changsha' in March 2026. No source confirms public rides or driverless operation in Changsha.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-changsha-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-chengdu-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Chengdu", "city": "Chengdu", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Apollo Go app", "latitude": 30.57, "longitude": 104.07, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1329099/000119312525285391/d52736dex991.htm", "source_title": "Baidu Announces Third Quarter 2025 Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-18", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Baidu names Chengdu among the Chinese mainland cities where Apollo Go has achieved 100% fully driverless operations. Zone, start date and fleet are not given. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-chengdu-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-chongqing-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Chongqing", "city": "Chongqing", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2022-08", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Apollo Go app", "latitude": 29.56, "longitude": 106.55, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1329099/000119312525285391/d52736dex991.htm", "source_title": "Baidu Announces Third Quarter 2025 Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-18", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Baidu names Chongqing among its 100% fully driverless Chinese cities. Commercial fully driverless permits were first granted in August 2022 (Yongchuan district), and Baidu's 20-F says Chongqing reached 100% fully driverless operations in October 2024. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-chongqing-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-dongguan-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Dongguan", "city": "Dongguan", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2025-11", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 23.02, "longitude": 113.75, "source_url": "https://cnevpost.com/2026/01/15/baidu-apollo-go-robotaxi-operations-20-cities-china/", "source_title": "Baidu's Apollo Go has expanded its robotaxi operations to around 20 cities in China", "source_publisher": "CnEVPost", "source_date": "2026-01-15", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Testing since late November 2025 under a registered project (citing local outlet Lanjinger). A plan for 1,000 vehicles is a target, not a fleet count; no public rides reported.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-dongguan-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-guangzhou-didi", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Guangzhou", "city": "Guangzhou", "operator": "Didi Autonomous Driving", "partner": "GAC Aion", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2025-12", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Didi", "latitude": 23.13, "longitude": 113.26, "source_url": "https://technode.com/2025/12/02/didi-launches-all-day-fully-driverless-robotaxi-service-in-guangzhou/", "source_title": "Didi launches all-day fully driverless robotaxi service in Guangzhou", "source_publisher": "TechNode", "source_date": "2025-12-02", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Didi began a 24/7 fully driverless Robotaxi trial in select demonstration zones of Guangzhou (Huangpu per Chinese press), bookable in the Didi app. The source calls it a trial and does not say whether it is open to all users or whether rides are paid.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-guangzhou-didi", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-guangzhou-pony-ai", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Guangzhou", "city": "Guangzhou", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "OnTime Mobility; WeChat Mobility Services", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2023-04", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "PonyPilot+", "latitude": 23.13, "longitude": 113.26, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001969302/000110465926098113/tm2623382d1_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "PONY AI Inc. Reports Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-18", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Pony.ai began fully driverless public rides in Guangzhou in April 2023 (Business Wire, 2023-04-25, seen in a search listing) and fare-charging driverless rides in Nansha on 2024-01-03. Its Gen-7 fully driverless commercial launch followed in November 2025, and the cited Q2 2026 release says service now reaches the city centre (Haizhu, Canton Tower, Pazhou) after the operating area grew by over 300 sq km in 2026.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-guangzhou-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-guangzhou-weride", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Guangzhou", "city": "Guangzhou", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2025-09", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "WeRide Go", "latitude": 23.13, "longitude": 113.26, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001867729/000110465926094571/tm2622690d2_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "WeRide Announces Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "WeRide Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-12", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "WeRide says its fully driverless robotaxi service area in Guangzhou has tripled since the end of 2025, covering Huangpu, Tianhe and Haizhu districts, with commercial operations 24/7. Round-the-clock driverless service in Huangpu was announced on 2025-09-04 (seen in a search listing).", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-guangzhou-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-haikou-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Haikou", "city": "Haikou", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Apollo Go app", "latitude": 20.04, "longitude": 110.2, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1329099/000119312525285391/d52736dex991.htm", "source_title": "Baidu Announces Third Quarter 2025 Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-18", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Baidu names Haikou (Hainan) among the Chinese mainland cities where Apollo Go has achieved 100% fully driverless operations. Zone, start date and fleet are not given. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-haikou-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-hangzhou-caocao", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Hangzhou", "city": "Hangzhou", "operator": "CaoCao Inc. (Cao Cao Mobility)", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-07-27", "fleet": "around 100 (CaoCao, 2026-07-27)", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 30.27, "longitude": 120.16, "source_url": "https://ir.caocao.com.cn/en/information-disclosure/company-news/caocao-officially-launches-robotaxi-testing-without-a-safety-driver-behind-the-wheel/", "source_title": "CaoCao Officially Launches Robotaxi Testing Without a Safety Driver Behind the Wheel", "source_publisher": "CaoCao Inc.", "source_date": "2026-07-27", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Testing with no safety driver behind the wheel in Binjiang District, on a limited and controlled scale with station-triggered dispatch and remote monitoring. The release does not say public riders can book.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-hangzhou-caocao", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-hangzhou-pony-ai", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Hangzhou", "city": "Hangzhou", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-03", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 30.27, "longitude": 120.16, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465926034888/tm269906d1_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "PONY AI Inc. Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2025 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2026-03-26", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Pony says it was 'advancing our presence in Hangzhou' in March 2026. Chinese press (Jiemian, May 2026) says vehicles are deployed there but some of the fleet still runs in safety-operator testing; no source confirms public rides in Hangzhou.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-hangzhou-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-jiangmen-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Jiangmen", "city": "Jiangmen", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2025-11", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 22.58, "longitude": 113.08, "source_url": "https://cnevpost.com/2026/01/15/baidu-apollo-go-robotaxi-operations-20-cities-china/", "source_title": "Baidu's Apollo Go has expanded its robotaxi operations to around 20 cities in China", "source_publisher": "CnEVPost", "source_date": "2026-01-15", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Testing since late November 2025 under a registered project (citing local outlet Lanjinger). A plan for no fewer than 90 vehicles is a target, not a fleet count; no public rides reported.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-jiangmen-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-liyang-hello", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Liyang", "city": "Liyang", "operator": "Hello (Hellobike, Ant Group and CATL venture)", "partner": "", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2025-09-28", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Hello app", "latitude": 31.42, "longitude": 119.48, "source_url": "https://www.yzwb.net/news/ch/202509/t20250929_270685.html", "source_title": "哈啰Robotaxi（自动驾驶）落地江苏溧阳 [Hello Robotaxi (autonomous driving) lands in Liyang, Jiangsu] (in Chinese)", "source_publisher": "Yangtse Evening Post", "source_date": "2025-09-29", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "The Yangtse Evening Post reported that Hello began robotaxi operations in Liyang, Jiangsu on 2025-09-28. Whether a safety operator rides onboard is not stated, so the row is held at public rides with a safety operator as the lower bound. Hello’s Zhuzhou service has been suspended since a December 2025 crash (21st Century Business Herald, 2025-12-16).", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-liyang-hello", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-sanya-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Sanya", "city": "Sanya", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Apollo Go app", "latitude": 18.25, "longitude": 109.51, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1329099/000119312525285391/d52736dex991.htm", "source_title": "Baidu Announces Third Quarter 2025 Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-18", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Baidu names Sanya (Hainan) among the Chinese mainland cities where Apollo Go has achieved 100% fully driverless operations. Zone, start date and fleet are not given. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-sanya-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shanghai-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shanghai", "city": "Shanghai", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "Dazhong Transportation", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2025-08-15", "fleet": "5 (Dazhong via China Daily, 2025-09)", "app": "Apollo Go app mini-program or Dazhong app", "latitude": 31.23, "longitude": 121.47, "source_url": "https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202509/10/WS68c0ec2c498e368550334f27/shanghai-model-sets-pace-for-robotaxi-services_2.html", "source_title": "Shanghai 'model' sets pace for robotaxi services", "source_publisher": "China Daily", "source_date": "2025-09-10", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Driverless pilot with Dazhong launched 2025-08-15 in about 25 sq km of Jinqiao, Pudong, five vehicles with no in-vehicle safety operator, weekdays 9 am to 6 pm, between designated stops only. China Daily calls it a \"driverless vehicle pilot test\". Baidu's Q3 2025 filing also lists Shanghai among its 100% fully driverless cities; paid or free not stated. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shanghai-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shanghai-pony-ai", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shanghai", "city": "Shanghai", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "Jin Jiang Taxi", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2025-07", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "PonyPilot+", "latitude": 31.23, "longitude": 121.47, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465925115594/tm2532036d1_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "PONY AI Inc. Realized Gen-7 Robotaxi city-wide UE Breakeven (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-25", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Pony says it launched fully driverless commercial Robotaxi operations in Pudong in late July 2025, starting in Jinqiao and Huamu and later adding Century Park and the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum. The permit was announced 2025-07-26 (SEC 6-K tm2521840d1).", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shanghai-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shanghai-momenta", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shanghai", "city": "Shanghai", "operator": "Momenta", "partner": "EnjoyGo (SAIC Mobility / Xiangdao Chuxing)", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-01", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 31.23, "longitude": 121.47, "source_url": "https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0831/2026083100730.pdf", "source_title": "Momenta Global Limited Interim Results Announcement for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026", "source_publisher": "Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Momenta obtained a driverless demonstration operation licence in Pudong in January 2026 and plans to launch public commercial operations with EnjoyGo within 2026. No public service confirmed as of the filing.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shanghai-momenta", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shanghai-im-motors-disney", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shanghai", "city": "Shanghai (Disney Resort to Pudong Airport)", "operator": "IM Motors / SAIC AI Lab", "partner": "", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2025-08-20", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Xiangdao Chuxing app (Robotaxi section)", "latitude": 31.14, "longitude": 121.66, "source_url": "https://www.yzwb.net/news/txs/202508/t20250825_254640.html", "source_title": "Robotaxi自动驾驶专线在上海首开 [Robotaxi autonomous driving line opens for the first time in Shanghai] (in Chinese)", "source_publisher": "Yangtse Evening Post", "source_date": "2025-08-25", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Free robotaxi rides linking Shanghai Disney Resort and Pudong International Airport plus resort-area trips, launched 2025-08-20 and booked in the Robotaxi section of the Xiangdao Chuxing app. A safety officer sits in the driver seat on this expressway route, so it is listed as public rides with a safety operator.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shanghai-im-motors-disney", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shanghai-saic-lingang", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shanghai", "city": "Shanghai (Lin-gang Special Area)", "operator": "SAIC Mobility (Saike) with Qiangsheng Taxi and SAIC Xiangdao", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2025-08-15", "fleet": "10 robotaxis (Jiemian, 2025-08-15)", "app": "Qiangsheng 62580 app or Zhixing Zhilian mini-program", "latitude": 30.9, "longitude": 121.93, "source_url": "https://www.yzwb.net/news/txs/202508/t20250825_254640.html", "source_title": "Robotaxi自动驾驶专线在上海首开 [Robotaxi autonomous driving line opens for the first time in Shanghai] (in Chinese)", "source_publisher": "Yangtse Evening Post", "source_date": "2025-08-25", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Paid robotaxi rides launched on 2025-08-15 in the Lin-gang Special Area with 10 robotaxis (Jiemian, 2025-08-15, https://www.jiemian.com/article/13186232.html), booked in the Qiangsheng 62580 app or the Zhixing Zhilian mini-program, between set stops (58 designated stops), 8 am to 8 pm. Nobody sits in the driver seat; sources conflict on whether the safety officer rides in the front passenger seat or works remotely.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shanghai-saic-lingang", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shenzhen-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shenzhen", "city": "Shenzhen", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2023-05", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Apollo Go app", "latitude": 22.54, "longitude": 114.06, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1329099/000119312525285391/d52736dex991.htm", "source_title": "Baidu Announces Third Quarter 2025 Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-18", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Baidu names Shenzhen among its 100% fully driverless Chinese cities. Its FY2025 20-F says driverless public permits came in Pingshan in May 2023, and on the Q2 2026 call (2026-08-18) management called Shenzhen one of its largest markets with rides picking up quickly. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shenzhen-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shenzhen-pony-ai", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shenzhen", "city": "Shenzhen", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "WeChat Mobility Services", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2025-03", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "PonyPilot+", "latitude": 22.54, "longitude": 114.06, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1969302/000110465925115594/tm2532036d1_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "PONY AI Inc. Realized Gen-7 Robotaxi city-wide UE Breakeven (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2025-11-25", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Fully driverless public rides in Shenzhen date to March 2025 (IT Home, seen in a search listing); Pony.ai’s 20-F says it won Shenzhen’s first citywide fully driverless commercial permit in October 2025, and its Gen-7 commercial launch followed in November 2025 across more of Nanshan district with over 10,000 pickup and drop-off stops. The Q2 2026 release adds three transport hubs including Bao’an International Airport.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shenzhen-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shenzhen-didi", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shenzhen", "city": "Shenzhen", "operator": "Didi Autonomous Driving", "partner": "GAC Aion", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-01", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 22.54, "longitude": 114.06, "source_url": "https://finance.sina.cn/tech/2026-08-31/detail-iniqexup7819256.d.html", "source_title": "滴滴自动驾驶新一代Robotaxi R2开启无人载客测试服务 (via IT之家)", "source_publisher": "Sina Finance / IT Home", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "The R2 has run road tests in Guangzhou, Beijing and Shenzhen since its January 2026 delivery; passenger service is mentioned only for Beijing and Guangzhou.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shenzhen-didi", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-shenzhen-momenta", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Shenzhen", "city": "Shenzhen", "operator": "Momenta", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-07", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 22.54, "longitude": 114.06, "source_url": "https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0831/2026083100730.pdf", "source_title": "Momenta Global Limited Interim Results Announcement for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026", "source_publisher": "Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Manned road testing licence in Pingshan District from July 2026.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-shenzhen-momenta", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-suzhou-momenta", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Suzhou", "city": "Suzhou", "operator": "Momenta", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2025-11", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 31.3, "longitude": 120.59, "source_url": "https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0831/2026083100730.pdf", "source_title": "Momenta Global Limited Interim Results Announcement for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026", "source_publisher": "Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Driverless demonstration application licence in Xiangcheng District from November 2025 (first in Jiangsu). The filing does not describe public robotaxi rides in Suzhou.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-suzhou-momenta", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-wuhan-apollo-go", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Wuhan", "city": "Wuhan", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2026-08", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Apollo Go app", "latitude": 30.59, "longitude": 114.31, "source_url": "https://www.bianews.com/news/details?id=242809", "source_title": "时隔4个月，百度的萝卜快跑在武汉市恢复运营 [After four months, Baidu's Apollo Go resumes operations in Wuhan] (in Chinese)", "source_publisher": "Bianews (Dujia)", "source_date": "2026-08-03", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Bianews reported on 2026-08-03 that public Apollo Go rides had resumed in Wuhan’s Jingkai, Caidian and Hanyang areas after dozens of vehicles stalled on 2026-03-31 and the fleet was withdrawn for a safety review; Tencent News reported the same on 2026-08-30 (https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20260830A06N7N00). The restart was low-key and limited in area, and Baidu has not officially stated the safety set-up, so the row is held at the lower bound (public rides with a safety operator). Before the stall, Baidu said Wuhan was 100% driverless across nearly the whole municipality from June 2024.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-wuhan-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "cn-wuxi-momenta", "country": "China", "country_code": "CN", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Wuxi", "city": "Wuxi", "operator": "Momenta", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-01", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 31.49, "longitude": 120.31, "source_url": "https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2026/0831/2026083100730.pdf", "source_title": "Momenta Global Limited Interim Results Announcement for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026", "source_publisher": "Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Manned road testing licence in Xishan District from January 2026.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-wuxi-momenta", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "hk-hong-kong-weride", "country": "Hong Kong", "country_code": "HK", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Hong Kong", "city": "Hong Kong", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "Geely Farizon; Kwoon Chung Bus Holdings", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 22.32, "longitude": 114.17, "source_url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001867729/000110465926094571/tm2622690d2_ex99-1.htm", "source_title": "WeRide Announces Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1)", "source_publisher": "WeRide Inc. (SEC filing)", "source_date": "2026-08-12", "source_type": "filing", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Strategic partnership with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung to develop a right-hand-drive robotaxi, with Hong Kong as the first deployment market (per Chinese press). No pilot licence or operation found.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#hk-hong-kong-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "hk-hong-kong-apollo-go", "country": "Hong Kong", "country_code": "HK", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Hong Kong", "city": "Hong Kong (North Lantau)", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "", "status": "employee", "status_label": "Employee or invited riders only", "since": "", "fleet": "20 on Airport Island and 8 in Tung Chung approved for passenger trials (Transport Department via The Standard, 2026-02-23)", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 22.32, "longitude": 114.17, "source_url": "https://www.thestandard.com.hk/news/article/325053/HK-expands-autonomous-vehicle-trial-to-connect-airport-Tung-Chung-and-Sunny-Bay", "source_title": "HK expands autonomous vehicle trial to connect airport, Tung Chung and Sunny Bay", "source_publisher": "The Standard (Hong Kong)", "source_date": "2026-02-23", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Passenger-carrying trials are for designated personnel only, with onboard backup operators, on a 43.2 km North Lantau route. The Transport Department approved driverless tests with no in-vehicle backup operator on Airport Island on 2026-07-23 (info.gov.hk P2026072300217), still testing with no public rides.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#hk-hong-kong-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "tw-kaohsiung-foxconn-nvidia", "country": "Taiwan", "country_code": "TW", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Kaohsiung", "city": "Kaohsiung", "operator": "Foxconn with Nvidia", "partner": "", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-06", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 22.63, "longitude": 120.3, "source_url": "https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/1757297", "source_title": "輝達、鴻海自駕計程車 最快2028高雄啟動", "source_publisher": "Liberty Times", "source_date": "2026-06-03", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Nvidia and Foxconn plan a Level 4 robotaxi service starting in Kaohsiung as early as 2028, first linking Xiaogang Airport to the city center. Taiwan does not yet allow driverless vehicles on general roads; law changes are under study.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#tw-kaohsiung-foxconn-nvidia", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-abu-dhabi-apollo-go", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Abu Dhabi", "city": "Abu Dhabi", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "AutoGo (K2)", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2026-01", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "AutoGo app", "latitude": 24.45, "longitude": 54.38, "source_url": "https://technode.com/2026/01/19/baidu-backed-apollo-go-starts-public-driverless-taxi-service-in-abu-dhabi/", "source_title": "Baidu-backed Apollo Go starts public driverless taxi service in Abu Dhabi", "source_publisher": "TechNode", "source_date": "2026-01-19", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Apollo Go said it opened fully driverless ride-hailing to the public (residents and tourists) on Yas Island in January 2026, booked in the AutoGo app, under one of the first two ITC driverless permits issued 2025-11-13. Abu Dhabi Media Office (2026-03-13): ITC expanded commercial Level 4 taxi operations on Yas Island with AutoGo as an additional operator, rides free at this stage; What’s On (2026-03-16) reported five vehicles on set routes, free until 2026-04-12. Paid service after 2026-04-12 is unconfirmed.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-abu-dhabi-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-abu-dhabi-weride", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Abu Dhabi", "city": "Abu Dhabi", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "Uber", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2025-11-25", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber", "latitude": 24.45, "longitude": 54.38, "source_url": "https://ir.weride.ai/news-releases/news-release-details/weride-and-uber-begin-first-commercial-robotaxi-service-downtown", "source_title": "WeRide and Uber Begin First Commercial Robotaxi Service in Downtown Abu Dhabi", "source_publisher": "WeRide", "source_date": "2026-02-12", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Fully driverless paid rides (no safety operator) began on Yas Island on 2025-11-25 on the Uber platform, with Tawasul as fleet operator under the first ITC driverless operating permit. The downtown expansion announced 2026-02-12 (Corniche to Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Khalifa City, Masdar City, Rabdan) runs with a vehicle specialist on board, so only part of the roughly 70% core-area zone is driverless; WeRide reported about 400 robotaxis across the whole Middle East as of 2026-07-31, with no Abu Dhabi split.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-abu-dhabi-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-abu-dhabi-pony-ai", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Abu Dhabi", "city": "Abu Dhabi", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2023", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 24.45, "longitude": 54.38, "source_url": "https://restofworld.org/2026/robotaxis-gulf-china/", "source_title": "China steers the Gulf's driverless future as U.S. rivals stay out", "source_publisher": "Rest of World", "source_date": "2026-01-20", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Rest of World reports Pony.ai testing on Yas Island after joining Abu Dhabi's SAVI initiative in 2023. Pony.ai's 2026 interim report does not mention Abu Dhabi, and Abu Dhabi's only two driverless operating permits went to WeRide and AutoGo.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-abu-dhabi-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-abu-dhabi-lumo", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Abu Dhabi", "city": "Abu Dhabi", "operator": "Lumo (K2) with Momenta and Mercedes-Benz", "partner": "", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2025-12-09", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 24.45, "longitude": 54.38, "source_url": "https://cnevpost.com/2025/12/09/mercedes-momenta-launch-robotaxi-service-abu-dhabi/", "source_title": "Mercedes, China's autonomous driving firm Momenta launch robotaxi service in Abu Dhabi", "source_publisher": "CnEVPost", "source_date": "2025-12-09", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Lumo, a K2 subsidiary, announced an S-Class based Level 4 robotaxi fleet using Momenta's system, with commercial operations scheduled in Abu Dhabi in 2026. A July 2026 report still described the launch as upcoming; no public rides were found.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-abu-dhabi-lumo", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-dubai-apollo-go", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Dubai", "city": "Dubai", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "Uber", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2026-03-30", "fleet": "50 in first year (Dubai Taxi Company, 2026-04-01)", "app": "Apollo Go app; Uber (from 2026-08-20)", "latitude": 25.2, "longitude": 55.27, "source_url": "https://www.dubaitaxi.ae/en/post/dubai-taxi-company-and-baidus-apollo-go-launch-fully-driverless-commercial-ride-hailing-in-dubai", "source_title": "Dubai Taxi Company and Baidu's Apollo Go Launch Fully Driverless Commercial Ride-Hailing in Dubai", "source_publisher": "Dubai Taxi Company", "source_date": "2026-04-01", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Driverless commercial rides open to residents and visitors via the Apollo Go app in Umm Suqeim and Jumeirah, initially free and later listed as paid (Khaleej Times, 2026-08-20). Since 2026-08-20 Uber riders requesting UberX or Uber Comfort may be matched with a fully driverless Apollo Go vehicle, with New Horizon Luxury Transport as fleet operator; the 50 figure is a first-year rollout plan, not a confirmed current count.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-dubai-apollo-go", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-dubai-weride", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Dubai", "city": "Dubai", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "Uber", "status": "driverless", "status_label": "Public driverless rides", "since": "2026-03-31", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber", "latitude": 25.2, "longitude": 55.27, "source_url": "https://investor.uber.com/news-events/news/press-release-details/2026/WeRide-and-Uber-Launch-Fully-Driverless-Robotaxi-Fare-Charging-Operations-in-Dubai-Accelerating-Autonomous-Mobility-in-the-Middle-East-2026-NSiF0EFKhd/default.aspx", "source_title": "WeRide and Uber Launch Fully Driverless Robotaxi Fare-Charging Operations in Dubai, Accelerating Autonomous Mobility in the Middle East", "source_publisher": "Uber Technologies", "source_date": "2026-03-31", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Fare-charging rides with no vehicle operator on board started in Jumeirah and Umm Suqeim, booked via the Uber app's Autonomous option, after a supervised trial from December 2025 and an RTA driverless trial permit in February 2026. RTA's 2026-03-30 commercial launch covered 100 autonomous taxis shared between Apollo Go and WeRide, with no per-operator split.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-dubai-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-dubai-pony-ai", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Dubai", "city": "Dubai", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-04-20", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 25.2, "longitude": 55.27, "source_url": "https://blog.pony.ai/pony-ai-advances-dual-engine-strategy-with-dubai-driverless-robotaxi-deployment-eyes-commercial-service-in-2026/", "source_title": "Pony.ai Advances Dual-engine Business Strategy with Dubai Driverless Robotaxi Deployment, Eyes Commercial Service in 2026", "source_publisher": "Pony.ai", "source_date": "2026-04-20", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Pony.ai began driverless robotaxi trials in Dubai in April 2026 (RTA testing permit since September 2025) and targets public fare-charging service later in 2026 with hundreds of vehicles. Its 2026 interim report (filed 2026-09-18) lists Dubai only as continued deployment and commercialization activity, with no public rides announced as of that date.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-dubai-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ae-ras-al-khaimah-weride", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "country_code": "AE", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Ras Al Khaimah", "city": "Ras Al Khaimah", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "RAKTA", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2025-10-02", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 25.79, "longitude": 55.94, "source_url": "https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/transport/ras-al-khaimah-tests-robotaxis-robobuses-autonomous-transport", "source_title": "Inside Ras Al Khaimah's robotaxi, robobus trials transforming transport", "source_publisher": "Khaleej Times", "source_date": "2026-05-13", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "WeRide launched robotaxi and robobus pilots with RAKTA on 2025-10-02 targeting commercial service in early 2026 with a safety officer onboard. As of 2026-05-13 trials were limited to safety teams and authorised staff and robotaxi service was still being evaluated; no public launch was found after that.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ae-ras-al-khaimah-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "sa-riyadh-weride", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "country_code": "SA", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Riyadh", "city": "Riyadh", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "Uber", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2025-10-24", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber", "latitude": 24.71, "longitude": 46.68, "source_url": "https://investor.uber.com/news-events/news/press-release-details/2025/Uber-and-WeRide-Begin-Offering-Autonomous-Robotaxi-Passenger-Rides-in-Saudi-Arabia/default.aspx", "source_title": "Uber and WeRide Begin Offering Autonomous Robotaxi Passenger Rides in Saudi Arabia", "source_publisher": "Uber Technologies", "source_date": "2025-10-24", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Uber riders can select a WeRide Robotaxi GXR on two fixed routes between Roshn Front and Princess Noura University, with a vehicle operator in every car; fares were not stated. The pilot was set to run 12 months from July 2025, and WeRide’s Q2 2026 results (2026-08-12) claim driverless operations only in Abu Dhabi and Dubai; no 2026 update on Riyadh was found.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#sa-riyadh-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "sa-riyadh-aidriver-indrive", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "country_code": "SA", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Riyadh", "city": "Riyadh", "operator": "AiDriver (WeRide technology)", "partner": "inDrive", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2025-12", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "inDrive", "latitude": 24.71, "longitude": 46.68, "source_url": "https://zagdaily.com/connected/indrive-and-ai-driver-sign-mou-to-launch-riyadh-av-pilot/", "source_title": "inDrive and AI Driver sign MoU to launch Riyadh AV pilot", "source_publisher": "Zag Daily", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened", "weak": "yes", "notes": "An MoU targeted a TGA-supervised autonomous ride-hailing pilot on inDrive in Riyadh in H1 2026, later extending to Jeddah, with safety officers. No confirmation that it launched was found.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#sa-riyadh-aidriver-indrive", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "qa-doha-pony-ai", "country": "Qatar", "country_code": "QA", "region": "Middle East", "metro": "Doha", "city": "Doha", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "Mowasalat (Karwa)", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2025-12", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Karwa app", "latitude": 25.29, "longitude": 51.53, "source_url": "https://blog.pony.ai/pony-ai-highlights-progress-of-doha-robotaxi-commercial-operations-at-aemob-forum/", "source_title": "Pony.ai Highlights Progress of Doha Robotaxi Commercial Operations at AEMOB Forum", "source_publisher": "Pony.ai", "source_date": "2026-09-09", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Fare-charging rides through the Karwa app with trained safety operators onboard, covering Old Doha and West Bay (Corniche, National Museum, Museum of Islamic Art, Old Doha Port) plus a Hamad International Airport to city link; the commercial pilot began December 2025. Rides with no safety operator were shown only as a demonstration at the AEMOB forum in September 2026, so this is not driverless service.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#qa-doha-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "sg-punggol-pony", "country": "Singapore", "country_code": "SG", "region": "Southeast Asia", "metro": "Singapore", "city": "Singapore (Punggol)", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "ComfortDelGro", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2026-06-22", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Zig (also BookingSG)", "latitude": 1.4, "longitude": 103.91, "source_url": "https://www.comfortdelgro.com/?p=59835", "source_title": "ComfortDelGro Advances Global AV Push with Zig Driverless Launch in Punggol", "source_publisher": "ComfortDelGro", "source_date": "2026-06-22", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Public bookings on LTA Route 2 opened 22 June 2026 through the Zig app or BookingSG, free of charge, after an invite-only phase from April 2026. ComfortDelGro brands it 'Zig Driverless', but LTA's 20 September 2025 release says safety operators stay on board at all times including commercial service, and the robotaxi cars run a fixed route between designated stops.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#sg-punggol-pony", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "sg-punggol-weride", "country": "Singapore", "country_code": "SG", "region": "Southeast Asia", "metro": "Singapore", "city": "Singapore (Punggol)", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "Grab", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2026-04-01", "fleet": "10 WeRide GXR vehicles (Grab press release, 2026-09-14; target 50 within six months)", "app": "Grab (Ai.R service; rideair.ai reservation link)", "latitude": 1.4, "longitude": 103.91, "source_url": "https://www.grab.com/sg/press/others/grab-in-partnership-with-weride-officially-launch-singapores-first-autonomous-public-ride-service-in-punggol/", "source_title": "Grab in partnership with WeRide officially launch Singapore's first autonomous public ride service in Punggol", "source_publisher": "Grab", "source_date": "2026-03-31", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Public rides on Grab Routes 1 and 3 began 1 April 2026 with safety operators onboard, weekdays 9:30 AM to 5:30 PM, free until revenue service. Robotaxi cars running fixed loop routes between set stops (LTA calls it an autonomous shuttle service); an on-demand point-to-point pilot was announced by LTA on 29 July 2026 but Grab's 14 September 2026 release still described it as being prepared, and fleet figure comes from that release (https://www.grab.com/sg/press/others/grab-expands-autonomous-fleet-by-fivefold-and-aims-to-broaden-operations-beyond-punggol-to-other-locations-in-singapore/).", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#sg-punggol-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "kr-gwangju-hyundai-a2z-rideflux", "country": "South Korea", "country_code": "KR", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Gwangju", "city": "Gwangju", "operator": "Hyundai Motor Group, Autonomous a2z and RideFlux", "partner": "MOLIT; Gwangju Metropolitan City", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-05-13", "fleet": "not stated as operating (plan: 200 vehicles, a2z 80, RideFlux 60, Hyundai 60; Kyunghyang 2026-08-30)", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 35.16, "longitude": 126.85, "source_url": "https://news.mtn.co.kr/news-detail/2026090810180587856", "source_title": "200 autonomous vehicles to run in downtown Gwangju from November (MTN)", "source_publisher": "MTN (Money Today Network)", "source_date": "2026-09-08", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "A city-wide demonstration of 200-plus autonomous vehicles is to start in November 2026 with a safety manager in the driver's seat, moving to the passenger seat from August 2027 and no one aboard from January 2028. No source says residents can ride yet; MOLIT has said robotaxi pilots begin in Gwangju in 2028.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#kr-gwangju-hyundai-a2z-rideflux", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "kr-seoul-gangnam-kakao", "country": "South Korea", "country_code": "KR", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Seoul", "city": "Seoul (Gangnam)", "operator": "Kakao Mobility", "partner": "Seoul Metropolitan Government", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2026-03-16", "fleet": "6 (Seoul city figure reported 2026-08-20)", "app": "Kakao T", "latitude": 37.57, "longitude": 126.98, "source_url": "https://en.fnnews.com/news/202603241806011355", "source_title": "Kakao's driverless taxi in Gangnam (Financial News report)", "source_publisher": "The Financial News (fnnews)", "source_date": "2026-03-24", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Kakao Mobility began Gangnam late-night autonomous rides on 16 March 2026 with two Kia EV6 vehicles and a safety driver aboard, as Korean law requires during pilot operations. Its fleet rose from 2 to 6 on 20 August 2026 (Korea Herald via ANN), and JoongAng Daily (2026-09-16) reports it still lacks a driverless temporary permit.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#kr-seoul-gangnam-kakao", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "kr-seoul-gangnam-swm", "country": "South Korea", "country_code": "KR", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Seoul", "city": "Seoul (Gangnam)", "operator": "SWM", "partner": "Seoul Metropolitan Government", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2024-09-26", "fleet": "13 (Seoul city figure reported 2026-08-20)", "app": "Kakao T", "latitude": 37.57, "longitude": 126.98, "source_url": "https://asianews.network/seoul-to-triple-late-night-autonomous-taxis-in-gangnam/", "source_title": "Seoul to triple late-night autonomous taxis in Gangnam", "source_publisher": "The Korea Herald (via Asia News Network)", "source_date": "2026-08-20", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Seoul's late-night autonomous taxi in the roughly 20.4 square km Gangnam pilot zone runs weekdays 10 p.m. to 5 a.m., booked in Kakao T under 'Seoul Autonomous Vehicle', with a safety operator in the driver's seat; fares (from 4,800 won) began in April 2026. From 20 August 2026 SWM's fleet rose from 5 to 13; the service logged 15,140 rides since 26 September 2024 (Korea Times, 2026-08-19).", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#kr-seoul-gangnam-swm", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "kr-seoul-gangnam-pony", "country": "South Korea", "country_code": "KR", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Seoul", "city": "Seoul (Gangnam)", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "FutureLink", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "", "fleet": "not stated (plan: 200 robotaxis in Korea by 2028, first 10 for certification; Korea Times 2026-08-30)", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 37.57, "longitude": 126.98, "source_url": "https://koreatimes.co.kr/business/tech-science/20260830/ponyai-to-bring-200-level-4-robotaxis-to-korea-by-2028", "source_title": "Pony.ai to bring 200 Level 4 robotaxis to Korea by 2028", "source_publisher": "The Korea Times", "source_date": "2026-08-30", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "FutureLink says it tested Pony.ai's system on Kona Electric vehicles day and night in Gangnam for about 80,000 km without an accident; no public rides. The 28 August 2026 agreement plans service starting in the Gangnam pilot zone, with certification and launch dates not finalized.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#kr-seoul-gangnam-pony", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "kr-seoul-sangam-rideflux", "country": "South Korea", "country_code": "KR", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Seoul", "city": "Seoul (Sangam)", "operator": "RideFlux", "partner": "Seoul Metropolitan Government", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2024-06", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 37.57, "longitude": 126.98, "source_url": "https://news.bizwatch.co.kr/article/mobile/2026/10/13/0023", "source_title": "RideFlux empties the driver's seat for unmanned freight and robotaxi (BizWatch)", "source_publisher": "BizWatch", "source_date": "2026-10-19", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "RideFlux holds Korea's only MOLIT temporary permit for operation with no one in the driver's seat (June 2024) and has run unmanned test drives in Sangam, Mapo-gu, without public riders. It was picked as preferred bidder for Seoul's Level 4 taxi demonstration and aims to open public rides within 2026 with a safety staffer in the passenger seat, moving to fully unmanned in 2027; Seoul has said Sangam Level 4 taxis start in November 2026.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#kr-seoul-sangam-rideflux", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "jp-kobe-nissan", "country": "Japan", "country_code": "JP", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Kobe", "city": "Kobe", "operator": "Nissan", "partner": "", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-10-14", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 34.69, "longitude": 135.2, "source_url": "https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/261014-01-e", "source_title": "Nissan expands autonomous mobility service in Kobe", "source_publisher": "Nissan", "source_date": "2026-10-14", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "An on-demand pilot in Kobe's Nada Gogo area is scheduled for 8 to 18 December 2026 (Tuesday to Friday) using Serena-based SAE Level 2-equivalent vehicles with a safety driver, with participant applications open. Paid service is targeted for 2027; Nissan's earlier Yokohama pilot ran 27 November 2025 to 30 January 2026 and has ended.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#jp-kobe-nissan", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "jp-osaka-newmo", "country": "Japan", "country_code": "JP", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Osaka", "city": "Osaka", "operator": "newmo", "partner": "Yumeshima Kotsu; TIER IV (technology)", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-05", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 34.69, "longitude": 135.5, "source_url": "https://www.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/2100133.html", "source_title": "newmo and Osaka City sign agreement toward autonomous taxi service (Impress Watch)", "source_publisher": "Impress Watch", "source_date": "2026-04-08", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Osaka City, newmo and subsidiary Yumeshima Kotsu signed a cooperation agreement on 8 April 2026; testing was scheduled from May 2026 in the Maishima area of Konohana Ward at Level 2 with a safety driver. Commercial Level 4 service is targeted for 2028; I did not find a source confirming testing actually began in May.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#jp-osaka-newmo", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "jp-tokyo-nuro", "country": "Japan", "country_code": "JP", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Tokyo", "city": "Tokyo", "operator": "Nuro", "partner": "", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-03", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 35.68, "longitude": 139.69, "source_url": "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-11/us-self-driving-startup-nuro-begins-testing-on-tokyo-streets", "source_title": "US Self-Driving Startup Nuro Begins Testing on Tokyo Streets", "source_publisher": "Bloomberg", "source_date": "2026-03-11", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Nuro began testing a handful of vehicles on Tokyo streets in March 2026 with human safety drivers at the wheel, as Japanese law requires. No rider service and no timeline for removing drivers; Nuro's own blog post of 2026-03-11 (nuro.ai/blog/one-model-all-roads-zero-shot-autonomy-in-tokyo) exists but its body could not be read.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#jp-tokyo-nuro", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "jp-tokyo-waymo", "country": "Japan", "country_code": "JP", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Tokyo", "city": "Tokyo", "operator": "Waymo", "partner": "Nihon Kotsu; GO", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2025-04", "fleet": "not stated (plan: start small and grow toward about 100 vehicles; Waymo blog 2026-09-14)", "app": "GO and Waymo (planned)", "latitude": 35.68, "longitude": 139.69, "source_url": "https://waymo.com/blog/2026/09/opening-tokyo-in-2027-with-nihon-kotsu-go/", "source_title": "Opening Tokyo in 2027 with Nihon Kotsu and GO", "source_publisher": "Waymo", "source_date": "2026-09-14", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Since arriving in Tokyo in 2025, Waymo vehicles have driven autonomously with trained Nihon Kotsu crew supervising; no public rides. Waymo says it intends to serve first fully autonomous public trips in Tokyo in 2027, subject to national and local approvals.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#jp-tokyo-waymo", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "jp-tokyo-wayve", "country": "Japan", "country_code": "JP", "region": "East Asia", "metro": "Tokyo", "city": "Tokyo", "operator": "Wayve", "partner": "Uber; Nissan; Hinomaru Kotsu (fleet operator)", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-03-12", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber (planned)", "latitude": 35.68, "longitude": 139.69, "source_url": "https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/wayve-uber-and-nissan-announce-collaboration-on-robotaxis", "source_title": "Wayve, Uber and Nissan announce collaboration on robotaxis", "source_publisher": "Nissan", "source_date": "2026-03-12", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Nissan LEAF robotaxis with the Wayve AI Driver are to run a Tokyo pilot on the Uber network targeted for late 2026, with a trained safety operator onboard at first,. No source found confirming the pilot has started as of 2026-10-28. Uber named Hinomaru Kotsu as the fleet operator on 2026-08-13 (just-auto).", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#jp-tokyo-wayve", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "gb-london-wayve", "country": "United Kingdom", "country_code": "GB", "region": "Europe", "metro": "London", "city": "London", "operator": "Wayve", "partner": "Uber", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2026-09-03", "fleet": "up to 15 vehicles licensed by TfL as private hire vehicles (TfL, 2026-08-05)", "app": "Uber (UberX, Uber Comfort, Uber Electric)", "latitude": 51.51, "longitude": -0.13, "source_url": "https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2026/09/03/uber-and-ai-firm-wayve-launch-london039s-first-robotaxis", "source_title": "Uber and AI-firm Wayve launch London's first robotaxis", "source_publisher": "Reuters (via The Star)", "source_date": "2026-09-03", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Riders requesting UberX, Uber Comfort or Uber Electric may be matched with a Wayve-powered Ford Mustang Mach-E at no extra charge, with a licensed operator on board. TfL licensed the cars as private hire vehicles, not automated vehicles, and said a licensed PHV driver must be present at all times; driverless service needs a separate APS permit.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#gb-london-wayve", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "gb-london-baidu", "country": "United Kingdom", "country_code": "GB", "region": "Europe", "metro": "London", "city": "London", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "Freenow by Lyft; Uber", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-07-28", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Freenow (planned); Uber (planned)", "latitude": 51.51, "longitude": -0.13, "source_url": "https://technode.com/2026/07/29/chinas-robotaxi-enters-london-for-first-time-as-baidus-apollo-go-begins-uk-road-tests-with-uber-and-lyft", "source_title": "China's robotaxi enters London for first time as Baidu's Apollo Go begins UK road tests with Uber and Lyft", "source_publisher": "TechNode", "source_date": "2026-07-29", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Freenow (owned by Lyft) announced Apollo Go RT6 road testing in the London borough of Brent with safety operators on board, and Uber said Apollo Go vehicles are now on London public roads. Freenow and Apollo Go say public rides are planned for 2027.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#gb-london-baidu", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "gb-london-waymo", "country": "United Kingdom", "country_code": "GB", "region": "Europe", "metro": "London", "city": "London", "operator": "Waymo", "partner": "Moove (fleet operations)", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-04-14", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Waymo app (planned)", "latitude": 51.51, "longitude": -0.13, "source_url": "https://waymo.com/blog/shorts/autonomous-driving-in-london/", "source_title": "From the road: autonomous driving in London", "source_publisher": "Waymo", "source_date": "2026-04-14", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Waymo said on 2026-04-14 it had started autonomous driving in London with trained specialists behind the wheel, aiming for fully autonomous ride-hailing later in 2026. Its 2026-09-24 'Vision for London' post says the service would use the APS permitting scheme, which needs DfT approval and TfL consent; no public rides or launch date were confirmed as of 2026-10-28.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#gb-london-waymo", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "gb-london-pony-ai", "country": "United Kingdom", "country_code": "GB", "region": "Europe", "metro": "London", "city": "London", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "Uber", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-10-08", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber (planned)", "latitude": 51.51, "longitude": -0.13, "source_url": "https://thenextweb.com/news/pony-ai-uber-robotaxis-in-london-testing", "source_title": "Uber and Pony.ai will test Chinese robotaxis in London within weeks", "source_publisher": "The Next Web", "source_date": "2026-10-08", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Uber and Pony.ai said on 2026-10-08 that road testing of Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxis in London would start in the coming weeks. No confirmation that testing had begun was found as of 2026-10-28, and no public ride date was given.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#gb-london-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "gb-manchester-verne", "country": "United Kingdom", "country_code": "GB", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Manchester", "city": "Manchester", "operator": "Verne (Pony.ai driving system)", "partner": "Uber", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-10-14", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber (planned)", "latitude": 53.48, "longitude": -2.24, "source_url": "https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/ponyai-launches-gen-7-robotaxi-testing-in-manchester-expanding-uk-presence-to-two-cities-2110679588895416321", "source_title": "Pony.ai launches Gen-7 Robotaxi testing in Manchester, expanding UK presence to two cities", "source_publisher": "Gasgoo", "source_date": "2026-10-15", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Gasgoo (2026-10-15) reports that Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi testing began in Manchester with Uber connecting riders and Verne running the fleet. Other trade reports (EVwire, EqualOcean) say tests run with a safety operator at the wheel and no passengers; no public ride date has been set.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#gb-manchester-verne", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "hr-zagreb-verne", "country": "Croatia", "country_code": "HR", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Zagreb", "city": "Zagreb", "operator": "Verne (Pony.ai driving system)", "partner": "Uber", "status": "supervised", "status_label": "Public rides, safety operator onboard", "since": "2026-04-08", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Verne app; Uber (UberX and Comfort)", "latitude": 45.81, "longitude": 15.98, "source_url": "https://www.aap.com.au/aapreleases/cision20260408ae29472", "source_title": "Pony.ai Advances Global Deployment with Launch of Europe's First Commercial Robotaxi Service in Zagreb", "source_publisher": "Pony.ai (PR Newswire release via AAP)", "source_date": "2026-04-08", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Pony.ai’s release says members of the public can book and pay for rides through the Verne app, daily 7:00 to 21:00 across about 90 square kilometers, with public rides carrying a safety operator. Since 2026-08-19 the same cars can also be booked through UberX or Uber Comfort (Business Wire; Reuters via The Star, 2026-08-20). Euronews (2026-10-18) reports that fully driverless rides started 2026-09-10 only for a limited number of invited users on a 22 km route to Zagreb airport.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#hr-zagreb-verne", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "de-darmstadt-kira", "country": "Germany", "country_code": "DE", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Darmstadt area", "city": "Darmstadt area (with Langen and Egelsbach)", "operator": "KIRA (Deutsche Bahn, RMV and partners)", "partner": "", "status": "employee", "status_label": "Employee or invited riders only", "since": "2025-06", "fleet": "8 vehicles from April 2026 (Deutsche Bahn, 2026-03-31)", "app": "KIRA app (by ioki)", "latitude": 49.87, "longitude": 8.65, "source_url": "https://www.deutschebahn.com/de/presse/presse-regional/pr-frankfurt-de/presseinformationen-regional/Autonome-KIRA-Shuttles-fahren-laenger-und-bedienen-neue-Orte-13793410", "source_title": "Autonome KIRA-Shuttles fahren laenger und bedienen neue Orte", "source_publisher": "Deutsche Bahn", "source_date": "2026-03-31", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "On-demand Level 4 rides booked by app are open only to registered test users, of whom Deutsche Bahn reported more than 3,500, and are free. The KIRA+ successor announced 2026-09-30 will use HOLON vehicles with safety staff on board and has no public start date.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#de-darmstadt-kira", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "de-hamburg-moia", "country": "Germany", "country_code": "DE", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Hamburg", "city": "Hamburg", "operator": "MOIA (Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD)", "partner": "", "status": "employee", "status_label": "Employee or invited riders only", "since": "2026-07-15", "fleet": "up to 10 autonomous vehicles in the test phase (MOIA via ecomento, 2026-07-15)", "app": "MOIA app (hvv switch planned)", "latitude": 53.55, "longitude": 9.99, "source_url": "https://ecomento.de/?p=134103", "source_title": "Moia startet autonomen Fahrgastbetrieb mit VW ID. Buzz AD in Hamburg", "source_publisher": "ecomento.de", "source_date": "2026-07-15", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Since 2026-07-15 selected pre-registered Hamburg residents can book free shared rides in the ID. Buzz AD in parts of Winterhude, Barmbek and Wandsbek, with a safety driver on board. It is a closed test group, not open public service.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#de-hamburg-moia", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "de-munich-momenta", "country": "Germany", "country_code": "DE", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Munich", "city": "Munich", "operator": "Momenta", "partner": "Uber", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2025-09-08", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber (planned)", "latitude": 48.14, "longitude": 11.58, "source_url": "https://momenta.cn/en/article/316.html", "source_title": "Uber and Momenta Announce Testing to Begin in Munich in 2026", "source_publisher": "Momenta", "source_date": "2025-09-08", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Uber and Momenta said Level 4 testing would begin in Munich in 2026, starting with safety operators on board. No report confirming that testing had actually started was found as of 2026-10-28.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#de-munich-momenta", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "de-munich-waymo", "country": "Germany", "country_code": "DE", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Munich", "city": "Munich", "operator": "Waymo", "partner": "", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-08-25", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Waymo app (planned)", "latitude": 48.14, "longitude": 11.58, "source_url": "https://stadt.muenchen.de/lhm-ms-wirtschaftsfoerderung/meldungen/waymo-robotaxi.html", "source_title": "Das Robotaxi-Unternehmen Waymo kommt nach Muenchen", "source_publisher": "Landeshauptstadt Muenchen (City of Munich)", "source_date": "2026-09-03", "source_type": "regulator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Waymo announced Munich on 2026-08-25 and plans to open service to passengers at the end of 2027 after manual mapping drives and approval for driverless operation. No source confirmed autonomous test driving had started by 2026-10-28.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#de-munich-waymo", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ch-eastern-switzerland-baidu", "country": "Switzerland", "country_code": "CH", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Eastern Switzerland", "city": "Eastern Switzerland (St. Gallen and Appenzell)", "operator": "Baidu Apollo Go", "partner": "PostBus (PostAuto), service name AmiGo", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-06-01", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "AmiGo (planned)", "latitude": 47.42, "longitude": 9.37, "source_url": "https://www.postauto.ch/de/ueber-uns-und-aktuelles/medien/medienmitteilungen/2026/meilenstein-fuer-automatisierte-mobilitaet-in-der-schweiz", "source_title": "Meilenstein für automatisierte Mobilität in der Schweiz", "source_publisher": "PostAuto (PostBus)", "source_date": "2026-06-12", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "PostAuto says the Federal Roads Office (ASTRA) granted an exemption for automated Level 4 operation in the cantons of St. Gallen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, and hands-free test drives with safety drivers on board began on 2026-06-01 with Baidu Apollo Go vehicles. A closed user group comes next, and regular operation with up to 25 vehicles without safety drivers is expected from 2027 (TechNode, 2026-06-15, reported the same).", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ch-eastern-switzerland-baidu", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ch-zurich-weride", "country": "Switzerland", "country_code": "CH", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Zurich region", "city": "Zurich region (Furttal)", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "Uber; Rydera (fleet operator)", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2025-11", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Uber (planned)", "latitude": 47.38, "longitude": 8.54, "source_url": "https://ir.weride.ai/news-releases/news-release-details/weride-and-uber-plan-launch-commercial-robotaxi-service-zurich", "source_title": "WeRide and Uber Plan to Launch Commercial Robotaxi Service in Zurich, Expanding European Partnership", "source_publisher": "WeRide", "source_date": "2026-06-17", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "WeRide holds a driverless permit from the Federal Roads Office (FEDRO) for autonomous operation on public roads in the Furttal region, granted the previous November. WeRide and Uber plan commercial service in Greater Zurich via the Uber app later in 2026, subject to regulatory approval; no launch was confirmed by 2026-10-28.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ch-zurich-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "es-madrid-weride", "country": "Spain", "country_code": "ES", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Madrid", "city": "Madrid", "operator": "WeRide", "partner": "Uber; AVOMO (fleet operator)", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-09-10", "fleet": "20 WeRide GXR vehicles in the initial permitted fleet (Uber, 2026-09-10)", "app": "Uber (planned)", "latitude": 40.42, "longitude": -3.7, "source_url": "https://www.xataka.com/movilidad/uber-logra-primer-permiso-dgt-para-coches-autonomos-operara-madrid-a-finales-2026", "source_title": "Uber logra el primer permiso de la DGT para coches autonomos y operara en Madrid a finales de 2026", "source_publisher": "Xataka", "source_date": "2026-09-10", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Spain's DGT granted the first national Level 4 test permit under its ES-AV framework to WeRide, Uber and AVOMO for mapping and route validation, with a specialist on board. The permit does not cover commercial rides; the partners aim for supervised public rides before the end of 2026. Held at testing because the permit covers automated route validation on public roads with a specialist on board.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#es-madrid-weride", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "es-madrid-waymo", "country": "Spain", "country_code": "ES", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Madrid", "city": "Madrid", "operator": "Waymo", "partner": "", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-10-20", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Waymo app (planned)", "latitude": 40.42, "longitude": -3.7, "source_url": "https://waymo.com/blog/2026/10/waymo-in-madrid-region/", "source_title": "Llegamos a Madrid! Waymo is coming to Spain", "source_publisher": "Waymo", "source_date": "2026-10-20", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Waymo said on 2026-10-20 that Jaguar I-PACE vehicles would appear in the Region of Madrid within days for manual driving, followed by validation with specialists behind the wheel. It aims to welcome first riders in 2027. Manual and mapping drives only, so the row is announced under this map’s testing rule.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#es-madrid-waymo", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "lu-bissen-bolt", "country": "Luxembourg", "country_code": "LU", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Bissen", "city": "Bissen", "operator": "Pony.ai with Stellantis vans", "partner": "Bolt", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-06-09", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Bolt (planned)", "latitude": 49.79, "longitude": 6.07, "source_url": "https://newmobility.news/en/2026/06/10/stellantis-starts-robotaxi-pilot-in-luxembourg/", "source_title": "Stellantis starts robotaxi pilot in Luxembourg", "source_publisher": "NewMobility.news", "source_date": "2026-06-10", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Stellantis, Pony.ai and Bolt began a one-year pilot with Peugeot Expert vans starting in Bissen, with a safety driver on board and commercial operation scheduled after the trial. Sources do not say whether any members of the public ride yet, so this is held at testing.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#lu-bissen-bolt", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "lu-luxembourg-pony-ai", "country": "Luxembourg", "country_code": "LU", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Luxembourg", "city": "Luxembourg", "operator": "Pony.ai", "partner": "Emile Weber", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2025-07", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "none yet (no public rides)", "latitude": 49.61, "longitude": 6.13, "source_url": "https://cnevpost.com/2025/07/04/pony-ai-begins-robotaxi-road-tests-luxembourg/", "source_title": "Pony AI begins robotaxi road tests in Luxembourg", "source_publisher": "CnEVPost", "source_date": "2025-07-04", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Pony.ai received a Level 4 robotaxi testing permit from Luxembourg's Ministry of Mobility and Public Works in April 2025 and began road tests with Emile Weber in July 2025. No public ride service was found as of 2026-10-28.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#lu-luxembourg-pony-ai", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "no-oslo-holo", "country": "Norway", "country_code": "NO", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Oslo (Groruddalen) and Lorenskog", "city": "Oslo (Groruddalen) and Lorenskog", "operator": "Holo for Ruter (ID. Buzz AD)", "partner": "Ruter (public transport authority); MOIA", "status": "testing", "status_label": "Testing, no public rides", "since": "2026-02-28", "fleet": "6 Volkswagen ID. Buzz planned from autumn 2026 (Ruter)", "app": "Selvkjorende app (Ruter)", "latitude": 59.91, "longitude": 10.75, "source_url": "https://ruter.no/om-oss/prosjekter-og-innovasjon/selvkjoringspiloten", "source_title": "Selvkjoringspiloten", "source_publisher": "Ruter", "source_date": "2026-10-19", "source_type": "operator", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Ruter paused the earlier NIO-based pilot from 2026-02-28 to switch to Volkswagen ID. Buzz vehicles. Its project page (updated 2026-10-19) says passengers can ride again from September 2026, admitted in batches from people who sign up, with a safety operator in the driver seat. No source confirmed riders were back on board by 2026-10-28.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#no-oslo-holo", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "fr-paris-bolt", "country": "France", "country_code": "FR", "region": "Europe", "metro": "Greater Paris", "city": "Greater Paris", "operator": "Bolt", "partner": "Stellantis; Métropole du Grand Paris", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-10-23", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Bolt (planned)", "latitude": 48.86, "longitude": 2.35, "source_url": "https://evwire.com/p/bolt-stellantis-greater-paris-autonomous-mobility-2028-pony-ai", "source_title": "Bolt and Stellantis target Greater Paris autonomous mobility from 2028", "source_publisher": "EVwire", "source_date": "2026-10-23", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened", "weak": "yes", "notes": "Bolt announced autonomous ride-hailing in Greater Paris with Stellantis and the Métropole du Grand Paris: rides from 2028 in up to five municipalities north-west of Paris, growing to about 30 towns by 2030. Pony.ai is named only as a possible software option. No robotaxi testing in France was found as of 2026-10-28.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#fr-paris-bolt", "updated": "2026-10-28" }, { "id": "ca-toronto-waymo", "country": "Canada", "country_code": "CA", "region": "North America", "metro": "Toronto", "city": "Toronto", "operator": "Waymo", "partner": "Element Fleet Management", "status": "announced", "status_label": "Announced", "since": "2026-10", "fleet": "not stated", "app": "Waymo (planned)", "latitude": 43.65, "longitude": -79.38, "source_url": "https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/company-news/2026/10/16/waymo-to-launch-robotaxis-in-toronto-under-pilot-program-for-self-driving-vehicles", "source_title": "Waymo to launch robotaxis in Toronto under pilot program for self-driving vehicles", "source_publisher": "BNN Bloomberg (The Canadian Press)", "source_date": "2026-10-16", "source_type": "press", "last_verified": "2026-10-28", "evidence": "source opened and read on 2026-10-28", "weak": "no", "notes": "Waymo announced on 2026-10-16 that it is starting mapping and data collection in Toronto, with safety-driver test runs to follow, and aims to carry first passengers in 2028. Ontario approved its participation in the provincial AV testing pilot; Ontario has no framework yet for driverless commercial ride-hailing. Mapping only so far, so the row is announced under this map’s testing rule.", "permalink": "https://dockduty.com/world-robotaxi-map.html#ca-toronto-waymo", "updated": "2026-10-28" } ] }