World Robotaxi Map
Where are robotaxis operating in the world?
Every city outside the United States where a robotaxi company carries public riders, carries only staff, is testing, or has announced a launch, one row per city and operator. Each row has a status label, a launch date, the fleet size where the operator has stated one, the app riders use, and a dated source. Testing is never counted as service. US cities are on the US robotaxi map.
A city or metro counts once, under the highest status any operator has reached there, even when the table lists several zones for it. Counts reflect public evidence on the update date, not every test vehicle on the road.
The short answer
Outside the US, members of the public can book a robotaxi ride in 18 cities across 8 countries, with or without a safety operator onboard. Rides with nobody in the driver seat are open to the public in two of them, China and the United Arab Emirates. China has the most cities, led by Baidu’s Apollo Go, Pony.ai and WeRide, and the Gulf is where Chinese operators and Uber have expanded fastest outside China. Everywhere else on this map is staff-only, testing or announced.
Reading this from outside the US? The robotaxis on this map are run by their operators; we found none that a private owner can buy and put on the network. In the US, Tesla has said privately owned cars will be able to earn on its network; Tesla has not said when, or whether buyers outside the US qualify.
If you are weighing a US-based Cybercab from abroad, can a non-US resident own a Cybercab? sets out what a US LLC, a tax ID, a Florida title and insurance require, and what is still unknown. For where robotaxis run inside the US today, see the US robotaxi map.
The map
Dots sit on city centres, not service-zone boundaries. Select a dot to jump to its row. Where several operators share a city, the dot takes the highest status among them.
Every robotaxi city outside the US, in one table
Sorted by country, then city. “Since” is when the row reached its current status. “Fleet” is a number the operator or a regulator stated for that city, never our estimate. Rows marked thin rest on weaker evidence and are listed in the weak rows.
| Country | City | Operator | Status | Since | Fleet (as stated) | App | Source and notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Beijing | Baidu Apollo Go | Driverless | March 2023 | not stated | Apollo Go app | Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), Baidu states it has achieved 100% fully driverless operations in all Chinese mainland cities where it operates, naming Beijing. Fully driverless public rides began in the Yizhuang (Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area) zone after March 2023 permits (press reports); the filing does not name the zone. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited. |
| China | Beijing | Didi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion | Driverless thin | August 2026 | not stated | Didi | Sina Finance / IT Home, Didi's R2 robotaxi began a 'driverless passenger testing service' in demonstration areas of Beijing and Guangzhou; users in those areas can summon a ride. Zone, fares and fleet are not stated, and it is labelled a test service. |
| China | Beijing | Pony.ai with ATBB | Driverless | March 2023 | not stated | PonyPilot+ | Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), Pony.ai received a fully driverless permit for Beijing’s Yizhuang zone on 2023-03-17 (seen in a search listing). Its Gen-7 fully driverless commercial operations began in Beijing in November 2025 (the cited filing); the current zone is not named in that filing. |
| China | Beijing | WeRide | Driverless | date not stated | not stated | WeRide Go | WeRide Inc. (SEC filing), WeRide calls Beijing and Guangzhou its core hubs where it has 'continuously expanded the service area of our fully driverless robotaxi services.' The Beijing zone and start date are not given in the release. |
| China | Changsha | Pony.ai | Testing thin | March 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), Pony says it was 'advancing our presence in ... Changsha' in March 2026. No source confirms public rides or driverless operation in Changsha. |
| China | Chengdu | Baidu Apollo Go | Driverless thin | date not stated | not stated | Apollo Go app | Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), Baidu names Chengdu among the Chinese mainland cities where Apollo Go has achieved 100% fully driverless operations. Zone, start date and fleet are not given. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited. |
| China | Chongqing | Baidu Apollo Go | Driverless | August 2022 | not stated | Apollo Go app | Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), Baidu names Chongqing among its 100% fully driverless Chinese cities. Commercial fully driverless permits were first granted in August 2022 (Yongchuan district), and Baidu's 20-F says Chongqing reached 100% fully driverless operations in October 2024. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited. |
| China | Dongguan | Baidu Apollo Go | Testing thin | November 2025 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | CnEVPost, Testing since late November 2025 under a registered project (citing local outlet Lanjinger). A plan for 1,000 vehicles is a target, not a fleet count; no public rides reported. |
| China | Guangzhou | Didi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion | Driverless thin | December 2025 | not stated | Didi | TechNode, Didi began a 24/7 fully driverless Robotaxi trial in select demonstration zones of Guangzhou (Huangpu per Chinese press), bookable in the Didi app. The source calls it a trial and does not say whether it is open to all users or whether rides are paid. |
| China | Guangzhou | Pony.ai with OnTime Mobility; WeChat Mobility Services | Driverless | April 2023 | not stated | PonyPilot+ | Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), Pony.ai began fully driverless public rides in Guangzhou in April 2023 (Business Wire, 2023-04-25, seen in a search listing) and fare-charging driverless rides in Nansha on 2024-01-03. Its Gen-7 fully driverless commercial launch followed in November 2025, and the cited Q2 2026 release says service now reaches the city centre (Haizhu, Canton Tower, Pazhou) after the operating area grew by over 300 sq km in 2026. |
| China | Guangzhou | WeRide | Driverless | September 2025 | not stated | WeRide Go | WeRide Inc. (SEC filing), WeRide says its fully driverless robotaxi service area in Guangzhou has tripled since the end of 2025, covering Huangpu, Tianhe and Haizhu districts, with commercial operations 24/7. Round-the-clock driverless service in Huangpu was announced on 2025-09-04 (seen in a search listing). |
| China | Haikou | Baidu Apollo Go | Driverless thin | date not stated | not stated | Apollo Go app | Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), Baidu names Haikou (Hainan) among the Chinese mainland cities where Apollo Go has achieved 100% fully driverless operations. Zone, start date and fleet are not given. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited. |
| China | Hangzhou | CaoCao Inc. (Cao Cao Mobility) | Testing | July 27, 2026 | around 100 (CaoCao, 2026-07-27) | none yet (no public rides) | CaoCao Inc., Testing with no safety driver behind the wheel in Binjiang District, on a limited and controlled scale with station-triggered dispatch and remote monitoring. The release does not say public riders can book. |
| China | Hangzhou | Pony.ai | Testing thin | March 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), Pony says it was 'advancing our presence in Hangzhou' in March 2026. Chinese press (Jiemian, May 2026) says vehicles are deployed there but some of the fleet still runs in safety-operator testing; no source confirms public rides in Hangzhou. |
| China | Jiangmen | Baidu Apollo Go | Testing thin | November 2025 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | CnEVPost, Testing since late November 2025 under a registered project (citing local outlet Lanjinger). A plan for no fewer than 90 vehicles is a target, not a fleet count; no public rides reported. |
| China | Liyang | Hello (Hellobike, Ant Group and CATL venture) | With safety operator thin | September 28, 2025 | not stated | Hello app | Yangtse Evening Post, The Yangtse Evening Post reported that Hello began robotaxi operations in Liyang, Jiangsu on 2025-09-28. Whether a safety operator rides onboard is not stated, so the row is held at public rides with a safety operator as the lower bound. Hello’s Zhuzhou service has been suspended since a December 2025 crash (21st Century Business Herald, 2025-12-16). |
| China | Sanya | Baidu Apollo Go | Driverless thin | date not stated | not stated | Apollo Go app | Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), Baidu names Sanya (Hainan) among the Chinese mainland cities where Apollo Go has achieved 100% fully driverless operations. Zone, start date and fleet are not given. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited. |
| China | Shanghai | Baidu Apollo Go with Dazhong Transportation | Driverless | August 15, 2025 | 5 (Dazhong via China Daily, 2025-09) | Apollo Go app mini-program or Dazhong app | China Daily, Driverless pilot with Dazhong launched 2025-08-15 in about 25 sq km of Jinqiao, Pudong, five vehicles with no in-vehicle safety operator, weekdays 9 am to 6 pm, between designated stops only. China Daily calls it a "driverless vehicle pilot test". Baidu's Q3 2025 filing also lists Shanghai among its 100% fully driverless cities; paid or free not stated. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited. |
| China | Shanghai | Pony.ai with Jin Jiang Taxi | Driverless | July 2025 | not stated | PonyPilot+ | Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), Pony says it launched fully driverless commercial Robotaxi operations in Pudong in late July 2025, starting in Jinqiao and Huamu and later adding Century Park and the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum. The permit was announced 2025-07-26 (SEC 6-K tm2521840d1). |
| China | Shanghai | Momenta with EnjoyGo (SAIC Mobility / Xiangdao Chuxing) | Testing | January 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing), Momenta obtained a driverless demonstration operation licence in Pudong in January 2026 and plans to launch public commercial operations with EnjoyGo within 2026. No public service confirmed as of the filing. |
| China | Shanghai (Disney Resort to Pudong Airport) | IM Motors / SAIC AI Lab | With safety operator | August 20, 2025 | not stated | Xiangdao Chuxing app (Robotaxi section) | Yangtse Evening Post, Free robotaxi rides linking Shanghai Disney Resort and Pudong International Airport plus resort-area trips, launched 2025-08-20 and booked in the Robotaxi section of the Xiangdao Chuxing app. A safety officer sits in the driver seat on this expressway route, so it is listed as public rides with a safety operator. |
| China | Shanghai (Lin-gang Special Area) | SAIC Mobility (Saike) with Qiangsheng Taxi and SAIC Xiangdao | Driverless | August 15, 2025 | 10 robotaxis (Jiemian, 2025-08-15) | Qiangsheng 62580 app or Zhixing Zhilian mini-program | Yangtse Evening Post, Paid robotaxi rides launched on 2025-08-15 in the Lin-gang Special Area with 10 robotaxis (Jiemian, 2025-08-15, https://www.jiemian.com/article/13186232.html), booked in the Qiangsheng 62580 app or the Zhixing Zhilian mini-program, between set stops (58 designated stops), 8 am to 8 pm. Nobody sits in the driver seat; sources conflict on whether the safety officer rides in the front passenger seat or works remotely. |
| China | Shenzhen | Baidu Apollo Go | Driverless | May 2023 | not stated | Apollo Go app | Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), Baidu names Shenzhen among its 100% fully driverless Chinese cities. Its FY2025 20-F says driverless public permits came in Pingshan in May 2023, and on the Q2 2026 call (2026-08-18) management called Shenzhen one of its largest markets with rides picking up quickly. Baidu said on its Q2 2026 call (August 18, 2026) that operations in some unnamed domestic cities had been adjusted for regulatory reasons, so service here may currently be limited. |
| China | Shenzhen | Pony.ai with WeChat Mobility Services | Driverless | March 2025 | not stated | PonyPilot+ | Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), Fully driverless public rides in Shenzhen date to March 2025 (IT Home, seen in a search listing); Pony.ai’s 20-F says it won Shenzhen’s first citywide fully driverless commercial permit in October 2025, and its Gen-7 commercial launch followed in November 2025 across more of Nanshan district with over 10,000 pickup and drop-off stops. The Q2 2026 release adds three transport hubs including Bao’an International Airport. |
| China | Shenzhen | Didi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion | Testing thin | January 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Sina Finance / IT Home, The R2 has run road tests in Guangzhou, Beijing and Shenzhen since its January 2026 delivery; passenger service is mentioned only for Beijing and Guangzhou. |
| China | Shenzhen | Momenta | Testing | July 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing), Manned road testing licence in Pingshan District from July 2026. |
| China | Suzhou | Momenta | Testing | November 2025 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing), Driverless demonstration application licence in Xiangcheng District from November 2025 (first in Jiangsu). The filing does not describe public robotaxi rides in Suzhou. |
| China | Wuhan | Baidu Apollo Go | With safety operator thin | August 2026 | not stated | Apollo Go app | Bianews (Dujia), Bianews reported on 2026-08-03 that public Apollo Go rides had resumed in Wuhan’s Jingkai, Caidian and Hanyang areas after dozens of vehicles stalled on 2026-03-31 and the fleet was withdrawn for a safety review; Tencent News reported the same on 2026-08-30 (https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20260830A06N7N00). The restart was low-key and limited in area, and Baidu has not officially stated the safety set-up, so the row is held at the lower bound (public rides with a safety operator). Before the stall, Baidu said Wuhan was 100% driverless across nearly the whole municipality from June 2024. |
| China | Wuxi | Momenta | Testing | January 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing), Manned road testing licence in Xishan District from January 2026. |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong | WeRide with Geely Farizon; Kwoon Chung Bus Holdings | Announced thin | 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | WeRide Inc. (SEC filing), Strategic partnership with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung to develop a right-hand-drive robotaxi, with Hong Kong as the first deployment market (per Chinese press). No pilot licence or operation found. |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong (North Lantau) | Baidu Apollo Go | Employee-only | date not stated | 20 on Airport Island and 8 in Tung Chung approved for passenger trials (Transport Department via The Standard, 2026-02-23) | none yet (no public rides) | The Standard (Hong Kong), Passenger-carrying trials are for designated personnel only, with onboard backup operators, on a 43.2 km North Lantau route. The Transport Department approved driverless tests with no in-vehicle backup operator on Airport Island on 2026-07-23 (info.gov.hk P2026072300217), still testing with no public rides. |
| Taiwan | Kaohsiung | Foxconn with Nvidia | Announced | June 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Liberty Times, Nvidia and Foxconn plan a Level 4 robotaxi service starting in Kaohsiung as early as 2028, first linking Xiaogang Airport to the city center. Taiwan does not yet allow driverless vehicles on general roads; law changes are under study. |
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | Baidu Apollo Go with AutoGo (K2) | Driverless thin | January 2026 | not stated | AutoGo app | TechNode, Apollo Go said it opened fully driverless ride-hailing to the public (residents and tourists) on Yas Island in January 2026, booked in the AutoGo app, under one of the first two ITC driverless permits issued 2025-11-13. Abu Dhabi Media Office (2026-03-13): ITC expanded commercial Level 4 taxi operations on Yas Island with AutoGo as an additional operator, rides free at this stage; What’s On (2026-03-16) reported five vehicles on set routes, free until 2026-04-12. Paid service after 2026-04-12 is unconfirmed. |
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | WeRide with Uber | Driverless | November 25, 2025 | not stated | Uber | WeRide, Fully driverless paid rides (no safety operator) began on Yas Island on 2025-11-25 on the Uber platform, with Tawasul as fleet operator under the first ITC driverless operating permit. The downtown expansion announced 2026-02-12 (Corniche to Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Khalifa City, Masdar City, Rabdan) runs with a vehicle specialist on board, so only part of the roughly 70% core-area zone is driverless; WeRide reported about 400 robotaxis across the whole Middle East as of 2026-07-31, with no Abu Dhabi split. |
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | Pony.ai | Testing thin | 2023 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Rest of World, Rest of World reports Pony.ai testing on Yas Island after joining Abu Dhabi's SAVI initiative in 2023. Pony.ai's 2026 interim report does not mention Abu Dhabi, and Abu Dhabi's only two driverless operating permits went to WeRide and AutoGo. |
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | Lumo (K2) with Momenta and Mercedes-Benz | Announced thin | December 9, 2025 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | CnEVPost, Lumo, a K2 subsidiary, announced an S-Class based Level 4 robotaxi fleet using Momenta's system, with commercial operations scheduled in Abu Dhabi in 2026. A July 2026 report still described the launch as upcoming; no public rides were found. |
| United Arab Emirates | Dubai | Baidu Apollo Go with Uber | Driverless | March 30, 2026 | 50 in first year (Dubai Taxi Company, 2026-04-01) | Apollo Go app; Uber (from 2026-08-20) | Dubai Taxi Company, Driverless commercial rides open to residents and visitors via the Apollo Go app in Umm Suqeim and Jumeirah, initially free and later listed as paid (Khaleej Times, 2026-08-20). Since 2026-08-20 Uber riders requesting UberX or Uber Comfort may be matched with a fully driverless Apollo Go vehicle, with New Horizon Luxury Transport as fleet operator; the 50 figure is a first-year rollout plan, not a confirmed current count. |
| United Arab Emirates | Dubai | WeRide with Uber | Driverless | March 31, 2026 | not stated | Uber | Uber Technologies, Fare-charging rides with no vehicle operator on board started in Jumeirah and Umm Suqeim, booked via the Uber app's Autonomous option, after a supervised trial from December 2025 and an RTA driverless trial permit in February 2026. RTA's 2026-03-30 commercial launch covered 100 autonomous taxis shared between Apollo Go and WeRide, with no per-operator split. |
| United Arab Emirates | Dubai | Pony.ai | Testing | April 20, 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Pony.ai, Pony.ai began driverless robotaxi trials in Dubai in April 2026 (RTA testing permit since September 2025) and targets public fare-charging service later in 2026 with hundreds of vehicles. Its 2026 interim report (filed 2026-09-18) lists Dubai only as continued deployment and commercialization activity, with no public rides announced as of that date. |
| United Arab Emirates | Ras Al Khaimah | WeRide with RAKTA | Testing thin | October 2, 2025 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Khaleej Times, WeRide launched robotaxi and robobus pilots with RAKTA on 2025-10-02 targeting commercial service in early 2026 with a safety officer onboard. As of 2026-05-13 trials were limited to safety teams and authorised staff and robotaxi service was still being evaluated; no public launch was found after that. |
| Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | WeRide with Uber | With safety operator thin | October 24, 2025 | not stated | Uber | Uber Technologies, Uber riders can select a WeRide Robotaxi GXR on two fixed routes between Roshn Front and Princess Noura University, with a vehicle operator in every car; fares were not stated. The pilot was set to run 12 months from July 2025, and WeRide’s Q2 2026 results (2026-08-12) claim driverless operations only in Abu Dhabi and Dubai; no 2026 update on Riyadh was found. |
| Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | AiDriver (WeRide technology) with inDrive | Announced thin | December 2025 | not stated | inDrive | Zag Daily, An MoU targeted a TGA-supervised autonomous ride-hailing pilot on inDrive in Riyadh in H1 2026, later extending to Jeddah, with safety officers. No confirmation that it launched was found. |
| Qatar | Doha | Pony.ai with Mowasalat (Karwa) | With safety operator | December 2025 | not stated | Karwa app | Pony.ai, Fare-charging rides through the Karwa app with trained safety operators onboard, covering Old Doha and West Bay (Corniche, National Museum, Museum of Islamic Art, Old Doha Port) plus a Hamad International Airport to city link; the commercial pilot began December 2025. Rides with no safety operator were shown only as a demonstration at the AEMOB forum in September 2026, so this is not driverless service. |
| Singapore | Singapore (Punggol) | Pony.ai with ComfortDelGro | With safety operator thin | June 22, 2026 | not stated | Zig (also BookingSG) | ComfortDelGro, Public bookings on LTA Route 2 opened 22 June 2026 through the Zig app or BookingSG, free of charge, after an invite-only phase from April 2026. ComfortDelGro brands it 'Zig Driverless', but LTA's 20 September 2025 release says safety operators stay on board at all times including commercial service, and the robotaxi cars run a fixed route between designated stops. |
| Singapore | Singapore (Punggol) | WeRide with Grab | With safety operator thin | April 1, 2026 | 10 WeRide GXR vehicles (Grab press release, 2026-09-14; target 50 within six months) | Grab (Ai.R service; rideair.ai reservation link) | Grab, Public rides on Grab Routes 1 and 3 began 1 April 2026 with safety operators onboard, weekdays 9:30 AM to 5:30 PM, free until revenue service. Robotaxi cars running fixed loop routes between set stops (LTA calls it an autonomous shuttle service); an on-demand point-to-point pilot was announced by LTA on 29 July 2026 but Grab's 14 September 2026 release still described it as being prepared, and fleet figure comes from that release (https://www.grab.com/sg/press/others/grab-expands-autonomous-fleet-by-fivefold-and-aims-to-broaden-operations-beyond-punggol-to-other-locations-in-singapore/). |
| South Korea | Gwangju | Hyundai Motor Group, Autonomous a2z and RideFlux with MOLIT; Gwangju Metropolitan City | Announced thin | May 13, 2026 | not stated as operating (plan: 200 vehicles, a2z 80, RideFlux 60, Hyundai 60; Kyunghyang 2026-08-30) | none yet (no public rides) | MTN (Money Today Network), A city-wide demonstration of 200-plus autonomous vehicles is to start in November 2026 with a safety manager in the driver's seat, moving to the passenger seat from August 2027 and no one aboard from January 2028. No source says residents can ride yet; MOLIT has said robotaxi pilots begin in Gwangju in 2028. |
| South Korea | Seoul (Gangnam) | Kakao Mobility with Seoul Metropolitan Government | With safety operator | March 16, 2026 | 6 (Seoul city figure reported 2026-08-20) | Kakao T | The Financial News (fnnews), Kakao Mobility began Gangnam late-night autonomous rides on 16 March 2026 with two Kia EV6 vehicles and a safety driver aboard, as Korean law requires during pilot operations. Its fleet rose from 2 to 6 on 20 August 2026 (Korea Herald via ANN), and JoongAng Daily (2026-09-16) reports it still lacks a driverless temporary permit. |
| South Korea | Seoul (Gangnam) | SWM with Seoul Metropolitan Government | With safety operator | September 26, 2024 | 13 (Seoul city figure reported 2026-08-20) | Kakao T | The Korea Herald (via Asia News Network), Seoul's late-night autonomous taxi in the roughly 20.4 square km Gangnam pilot zone runs weekdays 10 p.m. to 5 a.m., booked in Kakao T under 'Seoul Autonomous Vehicle', with a safety operator in the driver's seat; fares (from 4,800 won) began in April 2026. From 20 August 2026 SWM's fleet rose from 5 to 13; the service logged 15,140 rides since 26 September 2024 (Korea Times, 2026-08-19). |
| South Korea | Seoul (Gangnam) | Pony.ai with FutureLink | Testing thin | date not stated | not stated (plan: 200 robotaxis in Korea by 2028, first 10 for certification; Korea Times 2026-08-30) | none yet (no public rides) | The Korea Times, FutureLink says it tested Pony.ai's system on Kona Electric vehicles day and night in Gangnam for about 80,000 km without an accident; no public rides. The 28 August 2026 agreement plans service starting in the Gangnam pilot zone, with certification and launch dates not finalized. |
| South Korea | Seoul (Sangam) | RideFlux with Seoul Metropolitan Government | Testing | June 2024 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | BizWatch, RideFlux holds Korea's only MOLIT temporary permit for operation with no one in the driver's seat (June 2024) and has run unmanned test drives in Sangam, Mapo-gu, without public riders. It was picked as preferred bidder for Seoul's Level 4 taxi demonstration and aims to open public rides within 2026 with a safety staffer in the passenger seat, moving to fully unmanned in 2027; Seoul has said Sangam Level 4 taxis start in November 2026. |
| Japan | Kobe | Nissan | Announced | October 14, 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Nissan, An on-demand pilot in Kobe's Nada Gogo area is scheduled for 8 to 18 December 2026 (Tuesday to Friday) using Serena-based SAE Level 2-equivalent vehicles with a safety driver, with participant applications open. Paid service is targeted for 2027; Nissan's earlier Yokohama pilot ran 27 November 2025 to 30 January 2026 and has ended. |
| Japan | Osaka | newmo with Yumeshima Kotsu; TIER IV (technology) | Testing thin | May 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Impress Watch, Osaka City, newmo and subsidiary Yumeshima Kotsu signed a cooperation agreement on 8 April 2026; testing was scheduled from May 2026 in the Maishima area of Konohana Ward at Level 2 with a safety driver. Commercial Level 4 service is targeted for 2028; I did not find a source confirming testing actually began in May. |
| Japan | Tokyo | Nuro | Testing thin | March 2026 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | Bloomberg, Nuro began testing a handful of vehicles on Tokyo streets in March 2026 with human safety drivers at the wheel, as Japanese law requires. No rider service and no timeline for removing drivers; Nuro's own blog post of 2026-03-11 (nuro.ai/blog/one-model-all-roads-zero-shot-autonomy-in-tokyo) exists but its body could not be read. |
| Japan | Tokyo | Waymo with Nihon Kotsu; GO | Testing | April 2025 | not stated (plan: start small and grow toward about 100 vehicles; Waymo blog 2026-09-14) | GO and Waymo (planned) | Waymo, Since arriving in Tokyo in 2025, Waymo vehicles have driven autonomously with trained Nihon Kotsu crew supervising; no public rides. Waymo says it intends to serve first fully autonomous public trips in Tokyo in 2027, subject to national and local approvals. |
| Japan | Tokyo | Wayve with Uber; Nissan; Hinomaru Kotsu (fleet operator) | Announced | March 12, 2026 | not stated | Uber (planned) | Nissan, Nissan LEAF robotaxis with the Wayve AI Driver are to run a Tokyo pilot on the Uber network targeted for late 2026, with a trained safety operator onboard at first,. No source found confirming the pilot has started as of 2026-10-28. Uber named Hinomaru Kotsu as the fleet operator on 2026-08-13 (just-auto). |
| United Kingdom | London | Wayve with Uber | With safety operator | September 3, 2026 | up to 15 vehicles licensed by TfL as private hire vehicles (TfL, 2026-08-05) | Uber (UberX, Uber Comfort, Uber Electric) | Reuters (via The Star), Riders requesting UberX, Uber Comfort or Uber Electric may be matched with a Wayve-powered Ford Mustang Mach-E at no extra charge, with a licensed operator on board. TfL licensed the cars as private hire vehicles, not automated vehicles, and said a licensed PHV driver must be present at all times; driverless service needs a separate APS permit. |
| United Kingdom | London | Baidu Apollo Go with Freenow by Lyft; Uber | Testing | July 28, 2026 | not stated | Freenow (planned); Uber (planned) | TechNode, Freenow (owned by Lyft) announced Apollo Go RT6 road testing in the London borough of Brent with safety operators on board, and Uber said Apollo Go vehicles are now on London public roads. Freenow and Apollo Go say public rides are planned for 2027. |
| United Kingdom | London | Waymo with Moove (fleet operations) | Testing | April 14, 2026 | not stated | Waymo app (planned) | Waymo, Waymo said on 2026-04-14 it had started autonomous driving in London with trained specialists behind the wheel, aiming for fully autonomous ride-hailing later in 2026. Its 2026-09-24 'Vision for London' post says the service would use the APS permitting scheme, which needs DfT approval and TfL consent; no public rides or launch date were confirmed as of 2026-10-28. |
| United Kingdom | London | Pony.ai with Uber | Announced thin | October 8, 2026 | not stated | Uber (planned) | The Next Web, Uber and Pony.ai said on 2026-10-08 that road testing of Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxis in London would start in the coming weeks. No confirmation that testing had begun was found as of 2026-10-28, and no public ride date was given. |
| United Kingdom | Manchester | Verne (Pony.ai driving system) with Uber | Testing thin | October 14, 2026 | not stated | Uber (planned) | Gasgoo, Gasgoo (2026-10-15) reports that Pony.ai Gen-7 robotaxi testing began in Manchester with Uber connecting riders and Verne running the fleet. Other trade reports (EVwire, EqualOcean) say tests run with a safety operator at the wheel and no passengers; no public ride date has been set. |
| Croatia | Zagreb | Verne (Pony.ai driving system) with Uber | With safety operator | April 8, 2026 | not stated | Verne app; Uber (UberX and Comfort) | Pony.ai (PR Newswire release via AAP), Pony.ai’s release says members of the public can book and pay for rides through the Verne app, daily 7:00 to 21:00 across about 90 square kilometers, with public rides carrying a safety operator. Since 2026-08-19 the same cars can also be booked through UberX or Uber Comfort (Business Wire; Reuters via The Star, 2026-08-20). Euronews (2026-10-18) reports that fully driverless rides started 2026-09-10 only for a limited number of invited users on a 22 km route to Zagreb airport. |
| Germany | Darmstadt area (with Langen and Egelsbach) | KIRA (Deutsche Bahn, RMV and partners) | Employee-only | June 2025 | 8 vehicles from April 2026 (Deutsche Bahn, 2026-03-31) | KIRA app (by ioki) | Deutsche Bahn, On-demand Level 4 rides booked by app are open only to registered test users, of whom Deutsche Bahn reported more than 3,500, and are free. The KIRA+ successor announced 2026-09-30 will use HOLON vehicles with safety staff on board and has no public start date. |
| Germany | Hamburg | MOIA (Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD) | Employee-only | July 15, 2026 | up to 10 autonomous vehicles in the test phase (MOIA via ecomento, 2026-07-15) | MOIA app (hvv switch planned) | ecomento.de, Since 2026-07-15 selected pre-registered Hamburg residents can book free shared rides in the ID. Buzz AD in parts of Winterhude, Barmbek and Wandsbek, with a safety driver on board. It is a closed test group, not open public service. |
| Germany | Munich | Momenta with Uber | Announced thin | September 8, 2025 | not stated | Uber (planned) | Momenta, Uber and Momenta said Level 4 testing would begin in Munich in 2026, starting with safety operators on board. No report confirming that testing had actually started was found as of 2026-10-28. |
| Germany | Munich | Waymo | Announced | August 25, 2026 | not stated | Waymo app (planned) | Landeshauptstadt Muenchen (City of Munich), Waymo announced Munich on 2026-08-25 and plans to open service to passengers at the end of 2027 after manual mapping drives and approval for driverless operation. No source confirmed autonomous test driving had started by 2026-10-28. |
| Switzerland | Eastern Switzerland (St. Gallen and Appenzell) | Baidu Apollo Go with PostBus (PostAuto), service name AmiGo | Testing | June 1, 2026 | not stated | AmiGo (planned) | PostAuto (PostBus), PostAuto says the Federal Roads Office (ASTRA) granted an exemption for automated Level 4 operation in the cantons of St. Gallen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, and hands-free test drives with safety drivers on board began on 2026-06-01 with Baidu Apollo Go vehicles. A closed user group comes next, and regular operation with up to 25 vehicles without safety drivers is expected from 2027 (TechNode, 2026-06-15, reported the same). |
| Switzerland | Zurich region (Furttal) | WeRide with Uber; Rydera (fleet operator) | Testing | November 2025 | not stated | Uber (planned) | WeRide, WeRide holds a driverless permit from the Federal Roads Office (FEDRO) for autonomous operation on public roads in the Furttal region, granted the previous November. WeRide and Uber plan commercial service in Greater Zurich via the Uber app later in 2026, subject to regulatory approval; no launch was confirmed by 2026-10-28. |
| Spain | Madrid | WeRide with Uber; AVOMO (fleet operator) | Testing | September 10, 2026 | 20 WeRide GXR vehicles in the initial permitted fleet (Uber, 2026-09-10) | Uber (planned) | Xataka, Spain's DGT granted the first national Level 4 test permit under its ES-AV framework to WeRide, Uber and AVOMO for mapping and route validation, with a specialist on board. The permit does not cover commercial rides; the partners aim for supervised public rides before the end of 2026. Held at testing because the permit covers automated route validation on public roads with a specialist on board. |
| Spain | Madrid | Waymo | Announced | October 20, 2026 | not stated | Waymo app (planned) | Waymo, Waymo said on 2026-10-20 that Jaguar I-PACE vehicles would appear in the Region of Madrid within days for manual driving, followed by validation with specialists behind the wheel. It aims to welcome first riders in 2027. Manual and mapping drives only, so the row is announced under this map’s testing rule. |
| Luxembourg | Bissen | Pony.ai with Stellantis vans with Bolt | Testing thin | June 9, 2026 | not stated | Bolt (planned) | NewMobility.news, Stellantis, Pony.ai and Bolt began a one-year pilot with Peugeot Expert vans starting in Bissen, with a safety driver on board and commercial operation scheduled after the trial. Sources do not say whether any members of the public ride yet, so this is held at testing. |
| Luxembourg | Luxembourg | Pony.ai with Emile Weber | Testing thin | July 2025 | not stated | none yet (no public rides) | CnEVPost, Pony.ai received a Level 4 robotaxi testing permit from Luxembourg's Ministry of Mobility and Public Works in April 2025 and began road tests with Emile Weber in July 2025. No public ride service was found as of 2026-10-28. |
| Norway | Oslo (Groruddalen) and Lorenskog | Holo for Ruter (ID. Buzz AD) with Ruter (public transport authority); MOIA | Testing thin | February 28, 2026 | 6 Volkswagen ID. Buzz planned from autumn 2026 (Ruter) | Selvkjorende app (Ruter) | Ruter, Ruter paused the earlier NIO-based pilot from 2026-02-28 to switch to Volkswagen ID. Buzz vehicles. Its project page (updated 2026-10-19) says passengers can ride again from September 2026, admitted in batches from people who sign up, with a safety operator in the driver seat. No source confirmed riders were back on board by 2026-10-28. |
| France | Greater Paris | Bolt with Stellantis; Métropole du Grand Paris | Announced thin | October 23, 2026 | not stated | Bolt (planned) | EVwire, Bolt announced autonomous ride-hailing in Greater Paris with Stellantis and the Métropole du Grand Paris: rides from 2028 in up to five municipalities north-west of Paris, growing to about 30 towns by 2030. Pony.ai is named only as a possible software option. No robotaxi testing in France was found as of 2026-10-28. |
| Canada | Toronto | Waymo with Element Fleet Management | Announced | October 2026 | not stated | Waymo (planned) | BNN Bloomberg (The Canadian Press), Waymo announced on 2026-10-16 that it is starting mapping and data collection in Toronto, with safety-driver test runs to follow, and aims to carry first passengers in 2028. Ontario approved its participation in the provincial AV testing pilot; Ontario has no framework yet for driverless commercial ride-hailing. Mapping only so far, so the row is announced under this map’s testing rule. |
Citing this map in an article, a filing or a model? Go ahead. It is free to use with a link under CC BY 4.0. Every row has its own permalink (for example /world-robotaxi-map.html#cn-wuhan-apollo-go) and every country has one too (#china), so cite the row.
Found an error or a city we missed? Email support@dockduty.com with the row and a source. Corrections follow the editorial policy and are logged below. Part of DockDuty Data.
Robotaxis by country
One short answer per country, with every row for that country underneath. Each answer is dated by the rows it rests on.
Where can you ride a robotaxi in China?
In at least ten mainland cities, more than any other country outside the United States. Baidu’s Apollo Go, Pony.ai and WeRide all run public rides with nobody in the driver seat in parts of Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, among other cities, and Didi runs a driverless trial service in Guangzhou and Beijing. Pony.ai said its robotaxi fleet was 1,975 vehicles on June 30, 2026, and WeRide said it had more than 1,800 robotaxis worldwide on July 31, 2026. After dozens of Apollo Go cars stalled in Wuhan on March 31, 2026, China paused new robotaxi approvals until a safety review ended in late June, and Baidu said some cities were still resuming service in August; press reports say public Apollo Go rides restarted in parts of Wuhan in August. Hello’s robotaxi service in Zhuzhou has been suspended since a December 2025 crash.
- Beijing: Baidu Apollo Go Driverless March 2023
- Beijing: Didi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion Driverless August 2026
- Beijing: Pony.ai with ATBB Driverless March 2023
- Beijing: WeRide Driverless date not stated
- Changsha: Pony.ai Testing March 2026
- Chengdu: Baidu Apollo Go Driverless date not stated
- Chongqing: Baidu Apollo Go Driverless August 2022
- Dongguan: Baidu Apollo Go Testing November 2025
- Guangzhou: Didi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion Driverless December 2025
- Guangzhou: Pony.ai with OnTime Mobility; WeChat Mobility Services Driverless April 2023
- Guangzhou: WeRide Driverless September 2025
- Haikou: Baidu Apollo Go Driverless date not stated
- Hangzhou: CaoCao Inc. (Cao Cao Mobility) Testing July 27, 2026
- Hangzhou: Pony.ai Testing March 2026
- Jiangmen: Baidu Apollo Go Testing November 2025
- Liyang: Hello (Hellobike, Ant Group and CATL venture) With safety operator September 28, 2025
- Sanya: Baidu Apollo Go Driverless date not stated
- Shanghai: Baidu Apollo Go with Dazhong Transportation Driverless August 15, 2025
- Shanghai: Pony.ai with Jin Jiang Taxi Driverless July 2025
- Shanghai: Momenta with EnjoyGo (SAIC Mobility / Xiangdao Chuxing) Testing January 2026
- Shanghai (Disney Resort to Pudong Airport): IM Motors / SAIC AI Lab With safety operator August 20, 2025
- Shanghai (Lin-gang Special Area): SAIC Mobility (Saike) with Qiangsheng Taxi and SAIC Xiangdao Driverless August 15, 2025
- Shenzhen: Baidu Apollo Go Driverless May 2023
- Shenzhen: Pony.ai with WeChat Mobility Services Driverless March 2025
- Shenzhen: Didi Autonomous Driving with GAC Aion Testing January 2026
- Shenzhen: Momenta Testing July 2026
- Suzhou: Momenta Testing November 2025
- Wuhan: Baidu Apollo Go With safety operator August 2026
- Wuxi: Momenta Testing January 2026
Are there robotaxis in Hong Kong?
Not for the public. Baidu’s Apollo Go carries designated personnel only, with backup operators onboard, on a North Lantau route linking the airport, Tung Chung and Sunny Bay; the Transport Department approved 20 vehicles on Airport Island and 8 in Tung Chung for these passenger trials. WeRide has announced plans for Hong Kong with Geely Farizon and Kwoon Chung, with no licence found yet.
- Hong Kong: WeRide with Geely Farizon; Kwoon Chung Bus Holdings Announced 2026
- Hong Kong (North Lantau): Baidu Apollo Go Employee-only date not stated
Are there robotaxis in Taiwan?
No. Nvidia and Foxconn have announced plans for a robotaxi service starting in Kaohsiung as early as 2028, and Taiwan does not yet allow driverless vehicles on general roads.
- Kaohsiung: Foxconn with Nvidia Announced June 2026
Are there robotaxis in Dubai and Abu Dhabi?
Yes. In Abu Dhabi, WeRide on Uber has carried paying riders with nobody onboard as a driver on Yas Island since November 2025, and Apollo Go runs driverless rides there on set routes through the AutoGo app; WeRide’s downtown Abu Dhabi rides still carry a vehicle specialist. In Dubai, the Roads and Transport Authority launched commercial driverless service in Umm Suqeim and Jumeirah on March 30, 2026 with Apollo Go and WeRide, booked on the Apollo Go app or Uber. Dubai’s media office reported on August 19, 2026 that the programme had 144 robotaxis, 48 of them in active operation, and 7,613 passenger trips since launch, about 50 a day. Pony.ai is testing in Dubai and has not opened public rides.
- Abu Dhabi: Baidu Apollo Go with AutoGo (K2) Driverless January 2026
- Abu Dhabi: WeRide with Uber Driverless November 25, 2025
- Abu Dhabi: Pony.ai Testing 2023
- Abu Dhabi: Lumo (K2) with Momenta and Mercedes-Benz Announced December 9, 2025
- Dubai: Baidu Apollo Go with Uber Driverless March 30, 2026
- Dubai: WeRide with Uber Driverless March 31, 2026
- Dubai: Pony.ai Testing April 20, 2026
- Ras Al Khaimah: WeRide with RAKTA Testing October 2, 2025
Are there robotaxis in Saudi Arabia?
Yes, with a safety operator onboard. Since October 24, 2025, Uber riders in Riyadh can choose a WeRide robotaxi on routes between Roshn Front and Princess Noura University, with a vehicle operator in every car, on two fixed routes, as part of a 12-month pilot the Transport General Authority launched in July 2025. We found no driverless public service in Saudi Arabia as of October 28, 2026.
Are there robotaxis in Doha?
Yes, with a safety operator onboard. Mowasalat (Karwa) and Pony.ai run fare-charging robotaxi rides through the Karwa app in Old Doha, West Bay and on a link to Hamad International Airport, with trained safety operators in the car. Rides with nobody onboard have only been demonstrated, at a forum in September 2026.
- Doha: Pony.ai with Mowasalat (Karwa) With safety operator December 2025
Are there robotaxis in Singapore?
Yes, in Punggol, with a safety operator onboard. Grab and WeRide opened public rides on April 1, 2026, and ComfortDelGro and Pony.ai opened public bookings on the Zig app on June 22, 2026. Both run fixed loop routes with set stops rather than door-to-door trips, and the Land Transport Authority says safety operators stay on board at all times. Grab said it had 10 WeRide vehicles in Punggol in September 2026.
- Singapore (Punggol): Pony.ai with ComfortDelGro With safety operator June 22, 2026
- Singapore (Punggol): WeRide with Grab With safety operator April 1, 2026
Are there robotaxis in Seoul?
Yes, late at night and with a safety operator in the driver seat. Seoul’s autonomous taxi in Gangnam runs weekdays from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m., is booked in Kakao T, and has charged fares since April 2026. On August 20, 2026 the fleet grew to 19 cars, 13 from SWM and 6 from Kakao Mobility. RideFlux holds Korea’s only permit to drive with nobody in the driver seat and is testing in Sangam, where Seoul says Level 4 taxis start in November 2026.
- Gwangju: Hyundai Motor Group, Autonomous a2z and RideFlux with MOLIT; Gwangju Metropolitan City Announced May 13, 2026
- Seoul (Gangnam): Kakao Mobility with Seoul Metropolitan Government With safety operator March 16, 2026
- Seoul (Gangnam): SWM with Seoul Metropolitan Government With safety operator September 26, 2024
- Seoul (Gangnam): Pony.ai with FutureLink Testing date not stated
- Seoul (Sangam): RideFlux with Seoul Metropolitan Government Testing June 2024
Are there robotaxis in Tokyo?
Not for the public yet. Waymo has driven autonomously in Tokyo since 2025 with Nihon Kotsu crew supervising and plans its first fully autonomous public trips there in 2027, subject to approvals. Nuro is testing in Tokyo with safety drivers, and Uber, Wayve and Nissan have announced a Tokyo pilot with a safety operator, targeted for late 2026. Nissan has a short on-demand pilot with a safety driver scheduled in Kobe for December 2026.
Are there robotaxis in London?
Yes, but with a licensed driver onboard. Since September 3, 2026, Uber riders in London can be matched with a Wayve-driven car at no extra charge; Transport for London licensed up to 15 of them as private hire vehicles, so a licensed driver must be in the car. Waymo has driven autonomously in London with specialists behind the wheel since April 14, 2026 and has not given a public launch date. Baidu’s Apollo Go is road testing in Brent with Freenow and Uber, with public rides planned for 2027. Driverless commercial service needs a permit under the pilot scheme created by the Automated Vehicles Act 2024, which opened to applications on May 22, 2026.
- London: Wayve with Uber With safety operator September 3, 2026
- London: Baidu Apollo Go with Freenow by Lyft; Uber Testing July 28, 2026
- London: Waymo with Moove (fleet operations) Testing April 14, 2026
- London: Pony.ai with Uber Announced October 8, 2026
- Manchester: Verne (Pony.ai driving system) with Uber Testing October 14, 2026
Are there robotaxis in Zagreb?
Yes, with a safety operator onboard. Verne, using Pony.ai’s driving system, opened public rides that riders book and pay for in the Verne app on April 8, 2026, daily from 7:00 to 21:00 across about 90 square kilometres. Since August 19, 2026 the same cars can also be booked through UberX or Uber Comfort. Since September 10, 2026, rides with nobody at the wheel have been offered only to a limited number of invited users on a 22 km route to Zagreb airport.
- Zagreb: Verne (Pony.ai driving system) with Uber With safety operator April 8, 2026
Are there robotaxis in Germany?
Not for the general public yet. German law has allowed driverless operation since 2021, but as of September 2026 no company held a federal operating licence for a driverless robotaxi. The closest are closed test groups with safety drivers: MOIA’s Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD in Hamburg for pre-registered residents since July 15, 2026, and the KIRA on-demand service near Darmstadt for registered test users. Waymo has announced Munich and plans to open it to passengers at the end of 2027; a Berlin plan reported by manager magazin and Spiegel in September 2026 has not been confirmed by Waymo.
- Darmstadt area (with Langen and Egelsbach): KIRA (Deutsche Bahn, RMV and partners) Employee-only June 2025
- Hamburg: MOIA (Volkswagen ID. Buzz AD) Employee-only July 15, 2026
- Munich: Momenta with Uber Announced September 8, 2025
- Munich: Waymo Announced August 25, 2026
Are there robotaxis in Switzerland?
Testing only. Baidu’s Apollo Go vehicles have run hands-free test drives with safety drivers for PostBus in eastern Switzerland under a federal Level 4 exemption since June 1, 2026, with regular operation of up to 25 vehicles without safety drivers expected from 2027. WeRide holds a federal permit for driverless operation in the Furttal area near Zurich and plans commercial service with Uber in Greater Zurich, subject to approval.
- Eastern Switzerland (St. Gallen and Appenzell): Baidu Apollo Go with PostBus (PostAuto), service name AmiGo Testing June 1, 2026
- Zurich region (Furttal): WeRide with Uber; Rydera (fleet operator) Testing November 2025
Are there robotaxis in Madrid?
Testing only. In September 2026 Spain’s traffic authority, the DGT, gave WeRide, Uber and AVOMO the first national Level 4 test permit, for an initial 20 WeRide vehicles in Madrid with a specialist on board and no commercial rides. Waymo announced the Region of Madrid on October 20, 2026, starting with manual driving, and aims to welcome its first riders in 2027.
Are there robotaxis in Luxembourg?
Testing only. Pony.ai has road tested robotaxis with Emile Weber since July 2025 under a national test permit, and Stellantis, Pony.ai and Bolt began a one-year pilot with a safety driver in Bissen in June 2026. We found no public ride service as of October 28, 2026.
- Bissen: Pony.ai with Stellantis vans with Bolt Testing June 9, 2026
- Luxembourg: Pony.ai with Emile Weber Testing July 2025
Are there robotaxis in Oslo?
Testing only, as far as public evidence shows. Ruter’s self-driving pilot with Holo paused passenger rides on February 28, 2026 to switch to Volkswagen ID. Buzz vehicles, and Ruter’s project page says passengers can ride again from September 2026, admitted in batches, with a safety operator in the driver seat. We found no confirmation that riders were back on board by October 28, 2026.
- Oslo (Groruddalen) and Lorenskog: Holo for Ruter (ID. Buzz AD) with Ruter (public transport authority); MOIA Testing February 28, 2026
Are there robotaxis in Paris?
No. Bolt has announced autonomous ride-hailing in Greater Paris with Stellantis and the Métropole du Grand Paris, with rides from 2028 in up to five municipalities north-west of Paris. We found no robotaxi testing in France as of October 28, 2026.
- Greater Paris: Bolt with Stellantis; Métropole du Grand Paris Announced October 23, 2026
Are there robotaxis in Canada?
Not yet. Waymo announced Toronto on October 16, 2026, starting with mapping and data collection, with safety-driver testing to follow under Ontario’s testing pilot, and aims to carry its first passengers in 2028. No public robotaxi service operates in Canada as of October 28, 2026.
- Toronto: Waymo with Element Fleet Management Announced October 2026
The United States
US cities are not repeated here. The US robotaxi map tracks them metro by metro with the same rules: 15 US metros with public driverless rides and 2 more announced, as of its last update on . Its CSV and JSON use the same CC BY 4.0 license, so the two files can be joined for a worldwide count.
For the facilities behind those fleets, see the US robotaxi depot database.
Frequently asked questions
Which countries have robotaxis?
As of October 28, 2026, the public can ride a robotaxi with nobody in the driver seat in the United States, China and the United Arab Emirates. Public rides with a safety operator onboard run in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Singapore, South Korea, Croatia and the United Kingdom. Staff-only or invited-rider programmes run in Germany and Hong Kong, and robotaxis are testing or announced in Japan, Switzerland, Spain, Luxembourg, Norway, France, Canada and Taiwan.
How many robotaxis does Baidu run?
Baidu does not publish an Apollo Go fleet total in its 2026 results. It does publish rides: 3.2 million fully driverless rides in the first quarter of 2026, more than 23 million cumulative public rides by June 2026, and a footprint of 28 cities worldwide as of its second-quarter results on August 18, 2026. On that quarter’s earnings call it said second-quarter driverless rides fell to about 1 million because of regulatory adjustments in some Chinese cities. City fleets are listed in the table only where Baidu or a partner stated one.
Where can I ride a robotaxi in Europe?
Only with a safety operator onboard, in two cities: Zagreb, where Verne opened public rides on April 8, 2026, and London, where Uber riders can be matched with a Wayve car since September 3, 2026. The Zagreb cars can also be booked through UberX or Uber Comfort since August 19, 2026. We found no general-public driverless robotaxi service anywhere in Europe as of October 28, 2026. Verne has offered rides with nobody at the wheel to a limited number of invited users on its Zagreb airport route since September 10, 2026.
When will Waymo launch in London?
Waymo has not given a date. It began autonomous driving in London on April 14, 2026 with trained specialists behind the wheel and said it was aiming for fully autonomous ride-hailing later in 2026, which needs a permit under the UK pilot scheme with Department for Transport approval and consent from Transport for London. As of October 28, 2026 no public Waymo rides had started in London.
Can tourists ride a robotaxi in Dubai or Abu Dhabi?
Yes. Dubai Taxi Company says residents and visitors can book driverless Apollo Go rides in Dubai, and Apollo Go said its Abu Dhabi driverless service is open to residents and tourists through the AutoGo app. In both cities WeRide’s robotaxis are booked through the Uber app.
Are there robotaxis in Australia?
No. We found no robotaxi service or approved robotaxi trial in Australia as of October 28, 2026. Waymo was reported in January 2026 to be talking to federal and New South Wales officials about testing, and Australia’s national Automated Vehicle Safety Law is not expected before 2027.
Is Tesla running robotaxis outside the US?
No. As of October 28, 2026 Tesla has not announced or launched a robotaxi service in any country outside the US. In July 2026 it posted AI Safety Operator jobs in Ottawa, Chile and Colombia that mention ride-hailing, which is not a robotaxi launch.
How this map is built
What counts as a robotaxi here
On-demand, point-to-point rides in a car or van on public roads, booked through an app, where the vehicle is driven by an automated driving system. Fixed-route shuttle buses are left out; robotaxi cars running between set stops are included and flagged in the notes. Closed campuses, delivery robots and driver-assistance features are left out too. A city is listed when at least one operator is carrying riders there, testing there with a robotaxi program, or has announced service there.
Status labels
- Driverless Public driverless rides
- Members of the public can book rides with nobody in the driver seat, in at least part of the zone or part of the fleet. The row’s notes say which part. Some operators keep a safety officer in a passenger seat; the notes say so where the source does.
- With safety operator Public rides, safety operator onboard
- Members of the public can book rides, but a safety driver or safety operator rides onboard.
- Employee-only Employee or invited riders only
- Rides are limited to the operator’s staff or a closed, invited group. Not open to the public.
- Testing Testing, no public rides
- The operator’s vehicles drive autonomously on public roads in that city, with or without a safety driver, and no public riders. This is the rule used for every row: manual driving and mapping drives do not count as testing.
- Announced Announced
- An operator, partner or government has announced service in the city, and on the evidence we could find its vehicles are not yet driving autonomously there. A city where the operator is only mapping or driving manually is announced.
Sources and verification
- One dated source per row, primary where one exists: the operator’s own release or investor filing, a regulator or government media office. Reputable press is used where no primary source states the fact, and the row’s source type says which.
- Each row records whether its source was opened and read on the verification date or only seen in a search listing. Rows that rest on weaker evidence are flagged and listed below.
- Fleet sizes are copied from the operator or regulator for that city, with the date they were stated. Company-wide totals are kept out of city rows and quoted in the country answers instead. We do not estimate fleets.
- Dates are as precise as the source: a month where the source gives a month, a year where it gives only a year, blank where none is stated.
- When two sources disagree, the row uses the primary one and its notes mention the other.
What this map does not claim
It does not rank operators, does not say any service is safe or unsafe, and does not cover how big each zone is beyond what the notes quote. A city’s status can change in a week; the update date at the top is the date every row was last checked.
Known weak rows
These 32 rows are published on thinner evidence than the rest, so a reader can weigh them. A better source for any of them is welcome.
- Beijing, China: Didi Autonomous Driving. Described as a test service; zone, fares and access are not stated.
- Changsha, China: Pony.ai. The operator says only that it is advancing its presence; no other source found.
- Chengdu, China: Baidu Apollo Go. Only source is Baidu's November 2025 filing naming the city; no zone, date or 2026 confirmation.
- Dongguan, China: Baidu Apollo Go. Single press report citing a local outlet.
- Guangzhou, China: Didi Autonomous Driving. Described as a trial; whether it is open to all users and whether rides are paid is not stated.
- Haikou, China: Baidu Apollo Go. Only source is Baidu's November 2025 filing naming the city; no zone, date or 2026 confirmation.
- Hangzhou, China: Pony.ai. The operator says only that it is advancing its presence; testing is the lowest status consistent with press reports.
- Jiangmen, China: Baidu Apollo Go. Single press report citing a local outlet.
- Liyang, China: Hello (Hellobike, Ant Group and CATL venture). Single local press report; the safety set-up is not stated and there is no 2026 confirmation.
- Sanya, China: Baidu Apollo Go. Only source is Baidu's November 2025 filing naming the city; no zone, date or 2026 confirmation.
- Shenzhen, China: Didi Autonomous Driving. Single press report.
- Wuhan, China: Baidu Apollo Go. The restart is reported by press only, in a limited area, and the safety set-up is not officially stated, so the status could be higher.
- Hong Kong, Hong Kong: WeRide. Partnership announced; no pilot licence or operation found.
- Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Baidu Apollo Go. The operator’s January start date and the regulator’s March 13 launch differ, rides run on set routes, and paid service after April 12, 2026 is unconfirmed.
- Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Pony.ai. One line in a January 2026 press feature; the operator's own interim report does not mention Abu Dhabi.
- Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Lumo (K2) with Momenta and Mercedes-Benz. Seen in search listings only; no public rides found.
- Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates: WeRide. Latest source is from May 2026; a later public launch may have been missed.
- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: WeRide. A 12-month pilot from July 2025 on two fixed routes, with no 2026 confirmation that it is still running.
- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: AiDriver (WeRide technology). Seen in search listings only; no confirmation the pilot launched.
- Singapore (Punggol), Singapore: Pony.ai. Fixed loop route with set stops: kept because the public books robotaxi cars, but at the edge of this map's scope.
- Singapore (Punggol), Singapore: WeRide. Fixed loop routes with set stops: kept because the public books robotaxi cars, but at the edge of this map's scope.
- Gwangju, South Korea: Hyundai Motor Group, Autonomous a2z and RideFlux. Start dates and fleet split conflict across press reports.
- Seoul (Gangnam), South Korea: Pony.ai. The testing claim is the partner's own, with no test date.
- Osaka, Japan: newmo. Testing was scheduled for May 2026; no source confirms it began.
- Tokyo, Japan: Nuro. Search listing of a Bloomberg report only.
- London, United Kingdom: Pony.ai. Trade-press search listing only; no confirmation testing has started.
- Manchester, United Kingdom: Verne (Pony.ai driving system). The opened source confirms testing began but not the safety set-up, which comes from trade reports seen in search listings.
- Munich, Germany: Momenta. 2025 announcement only; no 2026 confirmation that testing started.
- Bissen, Luxembourg: Pony.ai with Stellantis vans. Sources do not say who can ride, so it is held at testing.
- Luxembourg, Luxembourg: Pony.ai. 2025 source seen in a search listing only.
- Oslo (Groruddalen) and Lorenskog, Norway: Holo for Ruter (ID. Buzz AD). Ruter's own pages disagree on whether riders are back on board.
- Greater Paris, France: Bolt. Known through EVwire’s report of the announcement; Bolt’s own release was not opened.
Sources, by country
China
- Baidu Announces Third Quarter 2025 Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1) (Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), ; filing; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- 滴滴自动驾驶新一代Robotaxi R2开启无人载客测试服务 (via IT之家) (Sina Finance / IT Home, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- PONY AI Inc. Realized Gen-7 Robotaxi city-wide UE Breakeven (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1) (Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), ; filing; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- WeRide Announces Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1) (WeRide Inc. (SEC filing), ; filing; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- PONY AI Inc. Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2025 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1) (Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), ; filing; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Baidu's Apollo Go has expanded its robotaxi operations to around 20 cities in China (CnEVPost, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Didi launches all-day fully driverless robotaxi service in Guangzhou (TechNode, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- PONY AI Inc. Reports Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1) (Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), ; filing; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- CaoCao Officially Launches Robotaxi Testing Without a Safety Driver Behind the Wheel (CaoCao Inc., ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- 哈啰Robotaxi（自动驾驶）落地江苏溧阳 [Hello Robotaxi (autonomous driving) lands in Liyang, Jiangsu] (in Chinese) (Yangtse Evening Post, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Shanghai 'model' sets pace for robotaxi services (China Daily, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Momenta Global Limited Interim Results Announcement for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 (Momenta Global Limited (HKEX filing), ; filing; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Robotaxi自动驾驶专线在上海首开 [Robotaxi autonomous driving line opens for the first time in Shanghai] (in Chinese) (Yangtse Evening Post, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- 时隔4个月，百度的萝卜快跑在武汉市恢复运营 [After four months, Baidu's Apollo Go resumes operations in Wuhan] (in Chinese) (Bianews (Dujia), ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Hong Kong
- WeRide Announces Second Quarter 2026 Financial Results (Form 6-K Exhibit 99.1) (WeRide Inc. (SEC filing), ; filing; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- HK expands autonomous vehicle trial to connect airport, Tung Chung and Sunny Bay (The Standard (Hong Kong), ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Taiwan
- 輝達、鴻海自駕計程車 最快2028高雄啟動 (Liberty Times, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
United Arab Emirates
- Baidu-backed Apollo Go starts public driverless taxi service in Abu Dhabi (TechNode, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- WeRide and Uber Begin First Commercial Robotaxi Service in Downtown Abu Dhabi (WeRide, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- China steers the Gulf's driverless future as U.S. rivals stay out (Rest of World, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Mercedes, China's autonomous driving firm Momenta launch robotaxi service in Abu Dhabi (CnEVPost, ; press; seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened)
- Dubai Taxi Company and Baidu's Apollo Go Launch Fully Driverless Commercial Ride-Hailing in Dubai (Dubai Taxi Company, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- WeRide and Uber Launch Fully Driverless Robotaxi Fare-Charging Operations in Dubai, Accelerating Autonomous Mobility in the Middle East (Uber Technologies, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Pony.ai Advances Dual-engine Business Strategy with Dubai Driverless Robotaxi Deployment, Eyes Commercial Service in 2026 (Pony.ai, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Inside Ras Al Khaimah's robotaxi, robobus trials transforming transport (Khaleej Times, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Saudi Arabia
- Uber and WeRide Begin Offering Autonomous Robotaxi Passenger Rides in Saudi Arabia (Uber Technologies, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- inDrive and AI Driver sign MoU to launch Riyadh AV pilot (Zag Daily, ; press; seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened)
Qatar
- Pony.ai Highlights Progress of Doha Robotaxi Commercial Operations at AEMOB Forum (Pony.ai, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Singapore
- ComfortDelGro Advances Global AV Push with Zig Driverless Launch in Punggol (ComfortDelGro, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Grab in partnership with WeRide officially launch Singapore's first autonomous public ride service in Punggol (Grab, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
South Korea
- 200 autonomous vehicles to run in downtown Gwangju from November (MTN) (MTN (Money Today Network), ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Kakao's driverless taxi in Gangnam (Financial News report) (The Financial News (fnnews), ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Seoul to triple late-night autonomous taxis in Gangnam (The Korea Herald (via Asia News Network), ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Pony.ai to bring 200 Level 4 robotaxis to Korea by 2028 (The Korea Times, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- RideFlux empties the driver's seat for unmanned freight and robotaxi (BizWatch) (BizWatch, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Japan
- Nissan expands autonomous mobility service in Kobe (Nissan, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- newmo and Osaka City sign agreement toward autonomous taxi service (Impress Watch) (Impress Watch, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- US Self-Driving Startup Nuro Begins Testing on Tokyo Streets (Bloomberg, ; press; seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened)
- Opening Tokyo in 2027 with Nihon Kotsu and GO (Waymo, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Wayve, Uber and Nissan announce collaboration on robotaxis (Nissan, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
United Kingdom
- Uber and AI-firm Wayve launch London's first robotaxis (Reuters (via The Star), ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- China's robotaxi enters London for first time as Baidu's Apollo Go begins UK road tests with Uber and Lyft (TechNode, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- From the road: autonomous driving in London (Waymo, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Uber and Pony.ai will test Chinese robotaxis in London within weeks (The Next Web, ; press; seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened)
- Pony.ai launches Gen-7 Robotaxi testing in Manchester, expanding UK presence to two cities (Gasgoo, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Croatia
- Pony.ai Advances Global Deployment with Launch of Europe's First Commercial Robotaxi Service in Zagreb (Pony.ai (PR Newswire release via AAP), ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Germany
- Autonome KIRA-Shuttles fahren laenger und bedienen neue Orte (Deutsche Bahn, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Moia startet autonomen Fahrgastbetrieb mit VW ID. Buzz AD in Hamburg (ecomento.de, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Uber and Momenta Announce Testing to Begin in Munich in 2026 (Momenta, ; operator; seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened)
- Das Robotaxi-Unternehmen Waymo kommt nach Muenchen (Landeshauptstadt Muenchen (City of Munich), ; regulator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Switzerland
- Meilenstein für automatisierte Mobilität in der Schweiz (PostAuto (PostBus), ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- WeRide and Uber Plan to Launch Commercial Robotaxi Service in Zurich, Expanding European Partnership (WeRide, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Spain
- Uber logra el primer permiso de la DGT para coches autonomos y operara en Madrid a finales de 2026 (Xataka, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Llegamos a Madrid! Waymo is coming to Spain (Waymo, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Luxembourg
- Stellantis starts robotaxi pilot in Luxembourg (NewMobility.news, ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
- Pony AI begins robotaxi road tests in Luxembourg (CnEVPost, ; press; seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened)
Norway
- Selvkjoringspiloten (Ruter, ; operator; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
France
- Bolt and Stellantis target Greater Paris autonomous mobility from 2028 (EVwire, ; press; seen in a search listing on 2026-10-28; the page itself was not opened)
Canada
- Waymo to launch robotaxis in Toronto under pilot program for self-driving vehicles (BNN Bloomberg (The Canadian Press), ; press; source opened and read on 2026-10-28)
Country answers and FAQ
- Baidu Q1 2026 results (3.2 million fully driverless rides in Q1) (Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), )
- Baidu Q2 2026 results (28 cities, driverless kilometres) (Baidu, Inc. (SEC filing), )
- Baidu Q2 2026 earnings call transcript (about 1 million Q2 rides, more than 23 million cumulative rides by June 2026, cities resuming in August) (TradingKey, )
- Pony.ai Q2 2026 results (1,975 robotaxis on June 30, 2026) (Pony AI Inc. (SEC filing), )
- WeRide Q2 2026 results (more than 1,800 robotaxis on July 31, 2026) (WeRide Inc. (SEC filing), )
- China restarts robotaxi licence approvals (electrive, )
- Dubai accelerates autonomous mobility as robotaxi hits 4 million km (144 vehicles, 48 active) (Government of Dubai Media Office, )
- RTA launches commercial operations involving autonomous taxis (Government of Dubai Media Office, )
- Saudi Arabia launches self-driving taxis in landmark pilot across seven key locations in Riyadh (Gulf News, )
- New autonomous shuttle services to be progressively deployed in Punggol (safety operators on board) (Land Transport Authority, Singapore, )
- Grab expands autonomous fleet by fivefold (10 WeRide vehicles in Punggol) (Grab, )
- Passengers one step closer to booking taxi and bus-style self-driving vehicles (UK Government (gov.uk), )
- Waymo also preparing robotaxi service launch in Berlin (no KBA driverless operating licence granted) (electrive, )
- Look, no hands: Euronews rode driverless in Europe’s first robotaxi in Zagreb (Euronews, )
- Waymo wants to bring its robotaxis to Australia (Information Age (ACS), )
- 一场事故，让哈啰Robotaxi按下暂停键 [One accident puts Hello Robotaxi on pause] (in Chinese) (21st Century Business Herald, )
- 武汉街头的“萝卜快跑”终于回来了！ [Apollo Go is finally back on Wuhan's streets] (in Chinese) (Tencent News, )
- Tesla robotaxi job postings in Canada and South America (Drive Tesla Canada, )
Change log
- First edition. Every non-US city we could source as of October 28, 2026, one row per city and operator, each with a dated source and a status label that never rounds testing up to service.
The change log is written from the same file that writes the table, so a row cannot change without an entry here.
License, corrections and disclosure
This dataset is published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Use it, quote it, translate it, build on it; credit DockDuty with a link to this page or to the row.
Report an error to support@dockduty.com and say which row. How corrections are handled is in the editorial policy.
DockDuty is a US company planning depots for privately owned Cybercabs in the US. It runs no robotaxi service and no depot in any country on this map, and nothing here is a recommendation of any operator.
Why a US depot company keeps a world map. Every fleet on this map runs out of a depot somebody has to permit, power and staff, and the cities that scale fastest are the ones where that ground layer is ready. We track it because it is the business we are building in the US.
Related: the US robotaxi map · the US robotaxi depot database · the robotaxi glossary · owning a Cybercab from outside the US.